1. By: Jessica Jeffries

3.  Isolated from Opium (agonist)  Metabolized to morphine (elicit analgesia)  Used to replace morphine (not thought to be addictive)  1960 Schedule II controlled substance  “Drug activation occurs when the CYP2D6 gene produces a hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme, CYP2D6”(Kelly 322).  North Africans, Ethiopians, Saudi Arabians > Caucasian> African-Americans > Chinese or Japanese >Hispanics

4. 70% C6G 7% N- demethylation 5% O- demethylation CYP2D6 4% unchanged Liver, brain, intestine

5.  Cough Suppressant due to mu  Mild-Moderate Pain reliever  19 th century pain relief & diabetes control  Every 4-6 hours

6.  Purple Drank (sizzurp, lean syrup)  Starting Dose 30- 60mg, settle at 250mg  Euphoria, elation, “liking”, analgesia  Dextromethorphan

7.  Weak affinity for opioid mu- receptors  Relaxing  “You’ll get high”- Josh

8. http://www.parentdish.ca/2014/04/21/kids-health-codeine-study/

9.  Itching, constipation, dizziness, sedation, flushing, nausea, vomiting, and hives  Respiratory  CNS  Seizures  Cardiac Arrest  Increases pain sensitivity (TLR4)

10.  Endorphin production decreased  Tolerance  Withdrawal Opioid Poisoning  Coma  Pinpoint Pupils  Respiratory Depression

11.  Burns, Jarrett M, and Edward W Boyer. “Antitussives and Substance Abuse.”Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation 4 (2013): 75–82. PMC. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.  "Central And Peripheral Mechanisms Of Narcotic Antitussives: Codeine-Sensitive And -Resistant Coughs." (2007): OAIster. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.  "Cough Syrup Abuse: It's The Codeine." Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly 26.4 (2014): 3-4. Academic Search Premier. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.  "Drug." Equianalgesic Chart (Changes in Italics). Web. 21 Nov. 2014..  Johnson, J L, et al. "Codeine-Induced Hyperalgesia And Allodynia: Investigating The Role Of Glial Activation." Translational Psychiatry 4.(2014): e482. MEDLINE. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.  Kelly, Patricia, A. "Pharmacogenomics: Why Standard Codeine Doses Can Have Serious Toxicities Or No Therapeutic Effect." Oncology Nursing Forum 40.4 (2013): 322-324. CINAHL Complete. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.  Lam, Jessica, et al. "Codeine-Related Deaths: The Role Of Pharmacogenetics And Drug Interactions." Forensic Science International 239.(2014): 50-56. Academic Search Premier. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.  Schwartz, Jason J., PhD. "Codeine." Salem Press Encyclopedia Of Health (2012): Research Starters. Web. 20 Nov. 2014