1. Solutions

2. Vocabulary Solute Solvent Solubility Saturated Supersaturated
Unsaturated
Colligative property

3. Vocabulary Aqueous Concentrated Dilute Dilution Molarity m/m percent
m/v percent

4. Vocabulary
v/v percent
Molality
Normality
Miscible
Immiscible

5. Solubility
How much will dissolve in a specific amount of a specific solvent at a given temperature.
Typically reported as g/100 g solvent
Solubility of solids and liquids increase with temperature.
Solubility of a gas decreases with temperature

6. Rate of solution Solids and liquids dissolve faster when:
Temperature is increased
It is shaken or stirred
Solute is ground up

7. Solubility curve

8. How stuff dissolves

9. 9 types of solution
Solute Solvent Example Gas Gas air Liquid Gas humidity Solid Gas Gas Liquid soda Liquid Liquid vinegar, antifreeze Solid Liquid Kool Aid Gas Solid Liquid Solid Amalgam Solid Solid Alloy: Brass, steel

10. Solution states
Phase of matter of final solution

11. Molarity M
Moles solute per liter of solution
Mol/L

12. Molality m Moles solute per kg solvent
Used with colligative properties

13. Colligative Properties
Freezing point depression
Boiling point elevation
Vapor pressure depression
Read p
Depends ONLY on the number of particles in solution, not what they are.
Dissolving 1 mole of NaCl in water results in 2 moles of dissolved particles: Na and Cl

14. Freezing point depression
Calculate molality
Multiply by van’t Hoff factor
Multiply by freezing point depression constant (0.512 oC/m for water)
Subtract from 0oC

15. Boiling point elevation
Calculate molality
Multiply by van’t Hoff factor
Multiply by boiling point elevation constant (1.86 oC/m for water)
Add to 100oC

16. Dilutions
The way that always works: determine moles, then adjust volume with water.
Shortcut : Conc x volume = Conc x volume
Make sure you are working in the same units
Stock solution: the concentrated solution of known concentration. It is the starting point for dilutions.

17. Solution stoichiometry
Use molarity to find moles of known
Use stoichiometry to find moles of unknown
May have to use moles of unknown and volume to determine molarity of unknown if asked (rare)