1. The American Nation Chapter 13b Westward Expansion, 1820–1860 Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

2. The American Nation Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. Section 3: California and the Southwest Section 4: The Mexican War Chapter 13: Westward Expansion, 1820–1860 Section 5: Americas Rush West

3. Chapter 13, Section 3 California and the Southwest Why did Americans take an interest in the New Mexico Territory? What was life like for Native Americans on California’s missions and ranches? Why did many Americans support the idea of westward expansion?

4. Chapter 13, Section 3 American Interest in the New Mexico Territory New Mexico Territory Ruled by Mexico in the early 1840s. Included all of present-day California, Nevada and Utah, most of Arizona and New Mexico, and parts of Colorado. What attracted Americans to parts of the New Mexico Territory? Reading books about the Southwest, like Richard Henry Dana’s descriptions of California life in Two Years Before the Mast. Trade—William Becknell led traders from Franklin, Missouri, to Santa Fe in present-day New Mexico. The route they followed became known as the Santa Fe Trail.

5. Chapter 13, Section 3 Native-Americans on California’s Missions and Ranches Missions Spanish missionaries built 21 missions along the California coast. Each mission included a church and the surrounding land. Each mission produced enough for its own needs. Missions also supplied meat, grain, and other foods to the forts nearby. Native Americans herded sheep and cattle and raised crops for the missions. Mission life was hard. Native Americans lived at the missions and learned about the Roman Catholic faith. Ranches To encourage economic growth, the Mexican government took land from the missions and gave it to wealthy people. These people set up huge cattle ranches, where Native Americans tended the cattle and other animals. The Indian and Mexican cowhands who worked on the ranches were called vaqueros. They were excellent riders and ropers. Their traditions influenced later cowhands.

6. Chapter 13, Section 3 American Support for Westward Expansion Every year, more Americans moved west. The United States government offered to buy California from Mexico. Some Americans wanted control of the ports at San Francisco and San Diego. Many people believed that Americans had a right and duty to spread their culture and its democratic government all the way to the Pacific Ocean. This belief was called Manifest Destiny. Manifest means clear or obvious. Destiny means something that is sure to happen. Many Americans believed that expansion would open new opportunities for the United States economy. Some people believed that white Americans were superior to Native Americans and Mexicans and deserved to take the land from those people.

7. Chapter 13, Section 3 Section 3 Assessment When California belonged to Mexico, California’s economy revolved mainly around a) the Santa Fe Trail. b) orange groves. c) a string of 21 missions. d) wheat farming Manifest Destiny was the belief that a) Texas should remain an independent nation—the Lone Star Republic. b) Americans had a right and duty to spread their culture from coast to coast. c) missionaries were destined to convert Indians to the Roman Catholic faith. d) Mexico should let Americans use the port of San Francisco. Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here.

8. Chapter 13, Section 3 Section 3 Assessment When California belonged to Mexico, California’s economy revolved mainly around a) the Santa Fe Trail. b) orange groves. c) a string of 21 missions. d) wheat farming Manifest Destiny was the belief that a) Texas should remain an independent nation—the Lone Star Republic. b) Americans had a right and duty to spread their culture from coast to coast. c) missionaries were destined to convert Indians to the Roman Catholic faith. d) Mexico should let Americans use the port of San Francisco. Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here.

9. Chapter 13, Section 4 The Mexican War How did the United States gain Oregon and Texas? What were the causes and results of the United States war with Mexico? What new lands did the United States acquire as a result of the Mexican War? How did a mix of cultures shape California and the Southwest?

10. The United States Gains Oregon and Texas Oregon The United States and Britain agreed to a compromise. The two countries divided Oregon at latitude 49°N latitude. Later, the Oregon Territory became the states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Texas In 1844, Texan president Sam Houston signed a treaty of annexation with the United States. Fearing war with Mexico, the United States Senate refused to ratify the treaty. Houston pretended that Texas might ally itself with Britain. This move prompted Congress to pass a joint resolution admitting Texas to the Union. Chapter 13, Section 4

11. Causes and Results of the Mexican War Causes Mexico did not accept Texan independence and was outraged by the United States annexation of Texas. Americans resented Mexico’s rejection of President Polk’s offer to buy California and New Mexico. A border dispute sparked war. Both nations claimed land between the Rio Grande and the Nueces River and sent troops into the area. President Polk claimed Mexico had invaded American soil and asked Congress to declare war ResultsDuring the war, Americans in northern California revolted against Mexican rule and declared California an independent republic, the Bear Flag Republic. In the fighting, the United States won control of all of New Mexico and California. Despite the heroic stand of young Mexican soldiers in a battle at Chapultepec near Mexico City, American forces took over the Mexican capital. The Mexican government moved to make peace. In 1848, it signed the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, ending the war. Chapter 13, Section 4

12. The Mexican War Chapter 13, Section 4

13. The United States Acquires New Lands In the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Mexico had to cede, or give up, some of its lands. Mexico ceded all of California and New Mexico to the United States. These lands were called the Mexican Cession. In return, the United States paid Mexico $15 million. The United States agreed to respect the rights of Spanish- speaking people in the Mexican Cession. In 1853, the United States bought the Gadsden Purchase. The United States wanted to build a railroad across an area that is now the southern part of Arizona and New Mexico. The United States paid Mexico $10 million for the strip of land, known as the Gadsden Purchase. Chapter 13, Section 4

14. A Mix of Cultures in California and the Southwest After 1848, English-speaking settlers flocked to the Southwest. They brought their culture and ideas about democracy. Ideas and practices that Americans adopted from the Mexican Americans who lived in the Southwest. Silver mining techniques. Methods of irrigation. Spanish and Native American words, for example, stampede, buffalo, tortilla, soda, and tornado. Some Mexican laws, for example, one law that said that a husband and wife owned property jointly and another law that said landowners could not cut off water to their neighbors. Chapter 13, Section 4

15. Section 4 Assessment Hard feelings between Mexico and the United States had been growing since Texas declared independence. War between the United States and Mexico finally broke out when a) Congress annexed Texas. b) Mexican and American troops clashed in an area of land claimed by both countries. c) Mexico refused to sell California. d) Sam Houston threatened to ally Texas with Britain. American settlers in the Southwest adopted Mexican ways for a) mining silver. b) building railroads. c) writing a constitution. d) organizing a cession. Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here. Chapter 13, Section 4

16. Section 4 Assessment Hard feelings between Mexico and the United States had been growing since Texas declared independence. War between the United States and Mexico finally broke out when a) Congress annexed Texas. b) Mexican and American troops clashed in an area of land claimed by both countries. c) Mexico refused to sell California. d) Sam Houston threatened to ally Texas with Britain. American settlers in the Southwest adopted Mexican ways for a) mining silver. b) building railroads. c) writing a constitution. d) organizing a cession. Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here. Chapter 13, Section 4

17. Americans Rush West Why did the Mormons move west to settle in Utah? How did the gold rush affect life in California? Why did California develop such a diverse population? Chapter 13, Section 5

18. The Mormons Settle Utah Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in 1830 in upstate New York. Members of the church were called Mormons. Neighbors were angered by Mormon beliefs that property should be owned in common and that a man could have more than one wife. The Mormons moved west to Ohio, where they faced opposition. The Mormons moved to Missouri, and then to Illinois. In the 1840s, they built a community called Nauvoo on the banks of the Mississippi River. They again clashed with neighbors. An angry mob killed Joseph Smith. A new leader, Brigham Young, realized Mormons needed a refuge, a place where they would be safe from persecution. In 1847, he led an advance party to the valley of the Great Salt Lake, in present- day Utah. Thousands of Mormons followed. Chapter 13, Section 5

19. People Rush Westward Chapter 13, Section 5

20. The California Gold Rush In 1848, James Marshall was supervising the building of a sawmill for John Sutter, when he discovered a lump of gold. Sutter tried to keep the news a secret, but within days people from San Francisco and other California towns were rushing to Sutter’s Mill to look for gold. Soon, thousands of Americans, as well as people from around the world, were rushing to California to search for gold. They became known as forty-niners. Early miners found gold easily. Some miners found a way to get the gold out of riverbeds. Yet, very few miners struck it rich. Many went broke trying to find gold. Still, although many miners left the gold fields, they stayed in California to farm or work at other jobs. Chapter 13, Section 5

21. The California Gold Rush San Francisco grew from a sleepy town to a bustling city. When crime grew in the mining camps, miners and city- dwellers formed vigilance committees. Vigilantes, or self- appointed law enforcers, dealt out punishments. Sometimes, a person accused of a crime was lynched— hanged without a trial. Californians realized they needed a strong government. In 1849, they wrote a state constitution and asked to be admitted to the Union. Chapter 13, Section 5

22. California’s Diverse Population Originally, many Native American tribes made California their home. Before the gold rush, California’s population included large numbers of Mexicans. The gold rush brought in people from all over the world, including large numbers of Chinese. Many stayed on when the gold rush ended. Escaped slaves and free blacks joined the gold rush. Many African Americans also remained in California. Chapter 13, Section 5

23. People Rush into The West Chapter 13, Section 5 Effects Today United States stretches from sea to sea California and Texas are the most populous states Mexican American culture enriches the United States Causes Oregon has fertile land Texas is ideal for raising cattle and growing cotton Many Americans believe in Manifest Destiny Mormons seek a safe home Gold is discovered in California Westward Movement Effects Texas wins war for independence United States annexes Texas Britain and United States divide Oregon United States defeats Mexico in war Cotton Kingdom spreads

24. Section 5 Assessment Large groups of Mormon settlers moved to Utah because a) they were looking for gold. b) they planned to start cattle ranches. c) they wanted to live where they would be safe from persecution. d) Brigham Young wanted to be a governor. One important effect of California’s gold rush was that a) Chinese immigrants had an opportunity to earn equal rights. b) California became populated by many diverse groups of people. c) most miners became very wealthy. d) most Mexicans were forced to leave the area. Chapter 13, Section 5 Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here.

25. Section 5 Assessment Large groups of Mormon settlers moved to Utah because a) they were looking for gold. b) they planned to start cattle ranches. c) they wanted to live where they would be safe from persecution. d) Brigham Young wanted to be a governor. One important effect of California’s gold rush was that a) Chinese immigrants had an opportunity to earn equal rights. b) California became populated by many diverse groups of people. c) most miners became very wealthy. d) most Mexicans were forced to leave the area. Chapter 13, Section 5 Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here.