1. BELLWORK 9/24 Using Zinn ch. 7, answer the following: 1.Explain President Jackson’s strategy for conquering native land. 2.How were treaties used by the U.S. government to take native land? Why did natives continue to sign treaties if the U.S. continued to break them? 3.Describe the progression of the state of Florida. How did it switch between Spanish-Native-U.S. control? 4.THINKER: To what extent did Native American removal make way for the successes and development of the United States?

2. Westward Expansion A new nation grows

3. Motive #1: Over-Population in the East In 1780, 2.7 million people lived in the 13 states. By 1830, 12 million people lived in 24 states. Average American woman had five children. Half of America’s population was under 17. Competed with immigrants for jobs Many people felt that in order to achieve success within a huge population they would have to move West.

6. 16103,800 16204,100 16304,600 165050,400 1670111,900 1690210,400 1700250,900 1720466,200 1740905,600 17501,170,800 17702,148,100 17802,780,400 17903,929,214 18005,308,483 18107,239,881 18209,638,453 183012,866,020 184017,069,453 185023,191,876 186031,443,321 187038,558,371 188050,189,209 189062,979,766 190076,212,168 191092,228,496 1920106,021,537 1930123,202,624 1940132,164,569 1950151,325,798 1960179,323,175 1970203,211,926 1980226,545,805 1990248,709,873 2000281,421,906 2010308,745,53 Population growth in America by decade

7. Motive #2: Available Farmland West of the Appalachians

8. Motive #3: Desire for New Opportunity and Wealth

12. Motive #4: Manifest Destiny “From sea to shining sea” Belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent. Used to justify war with Mexico and taking over Native American land.

13. The Louisiana Purchase In 1803, President Jefferson sent James Monroe to buy all of the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million. This nearly doubled the size of the U.S. Next, President Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to lead explorations of the new territory. Lewis and Clark traveled all the way to the Pacific Ocean, while creating the first completed map of the U.S. Their detailed reports and maps sparked the interest of Americans and caused thousands of families to move West.

18. Conflict with Native Americans Settlers’ views of land and resources contradicted with Native American traditions. Both groups felt they had fair claim to the Western region and Great Plains because they held numerous resources. Several groups were hostile to the whites (Shawnee/Apache/Creek) while others tried to assimilate (Cherokee/Chickasaw/Sioux). Eventually, white settlers took over and forced them onto reservations: federal lands set aside for their inhabitance.

19. Native American Removal When President Jackson came to power, he authorized the largest Native American removal in history. (1830 Indian Removal Act) Trail of Tears (1833): forcible relocation of Natives from the eastern U.S. to Oklahoma. On the way, 4,000 of the 15,000 Indians died of diseases and starvation.

22. Nation Population east of the MI River before removal treaty Removal treaty (year signed) Years of major emigration Total number emigrated or forcibly removed Deaths during removal Choctaw19,554 Dancing Rabbit Creek (1830) 1831–1836 12,500 2,000–4,000+ (Cholera)Cholera Creek22,700Cusseta (1832) 1834–1837 19,600 3,500 (disease after removal) Chickasaw4,914 Pontotoc Creek (1832) 1837–1847 over 4,000500–800 Cherokee 21,500 New Echota (1835) 1836–1838 20,0002,000–8,000 Seminole5,000 Payne's Landing (1832) 1832–1842 2,833

23. Jackson and the Natives “In possession of land of their own, which they shall possess as long as grass grows or water runs. I am and will protect them and be their friend and father.”

25. Manifest Destiny Florida: Given to the United States as a part of the Adams - Onis Treaty in 1819….. Why? Oregon (1846)- Russia, France, Britain and the United States all had claims in the area – U.S. led negotiations Mexican Cession (1848) – The treaty that ended the Mexican- American War added CA, NV, AZ, NM, TX, UT, CO

27. The Mexican-American War 1846-1848 Invasión Estadounidense a México

28. Background Mexico suffered political, economic, and social instability following their revolution from Spain. – 49 presidents in 33 years – Racial hierarchy – Santa Anna = conservative 1820: To help pay off debt, Mexico granted permission for Stephen Austin to move 300 families into TX (The First 300)

29. Stephen Austin and The First 300

30. Texas Independence Texas - American settlers had come to Texas and built plantations and farms….eventually Americans outnumbered Mexicans 4:1 1.Settlers asked Mexico for permission to establish their own independent state. 2.Mexicans refused 3.Texas declared herself independent 4.Mexico vs. Texas (Battle of the Alamo)

31. General Sam Houston (leader of Texan revolution; elected Texan President) Texans had early defeats (Alamo - 1835) Eventually, Texans win independence after Battle of San Jacinto

32. Remember the Alamo! During a 13-day siege, Santa Anna led an assault on the Alamo Former Roman Catholic mission and fortress compound (held supplies/weapons) 1,500 Mexicans vs. 250 Texans All Texans were killed, but Santa Anna’s cruelty caused more Texans and other U.S. citizens to join the fight Motivated by revenge, Texas defeats Mexican army at Battle of San Jacinto & wins their independence in 1836! The Fall of the Alamo (1903) by Robert Jenkins Onderdonk, depicts Davy Crockett wielding his rifle as a club against Mexican troops who have breached the walls of the mission

33. Causes of Mexican-American War 1845: Congress votes to annex Texas – Mexico views as act of war Border raids Manifest Destiny American Occupation of Mexico City By: Carl Nebel

34. Why was the U.S. victorious? Strength and unification of U.S. military Instability, debt, organization, unpopularity of Mexican military

35. Effects of Mexican-American War 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo Mexican Cession in exchange for payment of $15 million U.S. forgave Mexico’s $3.5 million debt Mexico accepted Texas as part of U.S. National border became the Rio Grade U.S. guaranteed Mexicans American citizenship Mexico plunged into a period of chaos, debt, and political overthrows This cartoon depicts U.S. General Zachary Taylor sitting atop the skulls of Mexican- American war casualties

37. Manifest Destiny Gadsden Purchase (1853)– US purchased Southern Arizona and New Mexico to build a railroad to the West coast

40. Problems settlers faced moving West Conflict Exploitation of natural resources (animals & minerals) High death and disease rates

41. Finish Zinn Ch. 7 by Monday!!!