1. Homework III Emerging Water Contaminants Posted on Website this afternoon Due April 18All answers must be typed

2. Groundwater and Soil Water

3. Freshwater Glaciers Atmosphere Lakes Rivers Soils Groundwater 3% of total Earth water

4. Aquifers Water-bearing formation that can store and release usable amounts of water. Aqua – water Ferre – to carry

5. Aquifers/Groundwater 0.6% of total earth water. 98% of all readily available freshwater Supplies ½ of the drinking water in U.S. and 90% of the drinking water in FL.

6. What is Groundwater? Water found in pore spaces in geologic material or soils beneath the surface of the earth Sands Silts Gravels Clays Rock Materials Depth to groundwater is highly variable

7. Ultimate Source: precipitation Replenished by surface water runoff Lakes Streams Rivers Wetlands Sinkholes

8. Aquifers and Aquifer Types

9. Consolidated Unconsolidated Confined Unconfined Aquifers

10. Basic Aquifer Classification Unconsolidated or Consolidated Consolidated: sandstone, limestone, granite Can be low-yield or high-yield Granite, sandstoneLimestone, sand/gravel Unconsolidated: granular sand or gravel Consolidated Aquifer Unconsolidated Aquifer

11. Unconsolidated: sand and gravel Ogallala saturated thickness ranges from a few feet to more than 525 feet thick thin

12. Consolidated Rock Aquifers Sandstone and Carbonate Sandstone is a cemented form of sand and gravel St. Peter Sandstone in northeastern Illinois covers more than 290,000 mi 2 and averages 80 to 160 ft in thickness Carbonate formations include limestone (CaCO3) and dolomite Exhibit mostly secondary porosity due to fracturing and dissolution openings Sedimentary

13. Rocks formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma originating in the earth's core Igneous Rocks Extrusive rock is formed when the solidification process occurs at or near the ground surface. These rocks are generally very permeable because of the "bubbling" of gases escaping during cooling and solidification. horizontal fracturing The Columbia River Plateau covering eastern Washington and Oregon, and Idaho, averages about 500 m in thickness and is one of the largest basalt deposits in the world. Basalt aquifers are critically important water sources for the Hawaiian Islands. Consolidated Aquifers

14. Consolidated aquifer: basalt, limestone, granite Snake River Aquifer Basalt consolidated aquifer Rathdrum aquifer in northern Idaho is an unconsolidated aquifer. Basalt

15. Confined and Unconfined Aquifers

16. Aquitard/ Aquiclude Hydraulic conductivity: the ease with which water moves through material

17. Low Conductivity Geologic or Soil material Water High Permeability (conductivity) Unconfined Aquifer

18. Restrictive Zone Saturated Zone Capillary Fringe (unsaturated or Vadose zone) Groundwater table Unconfined Aquifer

19. Confined Aquifers

20. Confined Aquifer A generally inclined, water-bearing formation located below an impermeable layer of clay, rock, or shale. High pressure

21. Confined Aquifers Permeable material Impermeable material

22. Confined and Unconfined impermeable

23. Florida’s Permeable Material: limestone Florida’s Impermeable Material: Miocene Clays Surficial aquifer Confined Aquifer Confining unit Florida

25. Examples of World Aquifers

26. Shallow, Unconsolidated North China Plain

27. ½ China’s wheat, 1/3 corn Levels dropping 3 ft/year Shift to Deep fossil aquifer (non-replenishable) Agricultural well depths can exceed 1000 feet ($) Municipal well depths can exceed 3000 feet Shallow aquifer largely depleted (replenishable) China’s grain production has fallen from its historical peak of 392 million tons in 1998 to an estimated 358 million tons in 2005 China largely covered the drop-off in production by drawing down its once vast stocks until 2004, at which point it imported 7 million tons of grain. 99,900 wells were abandoned

28. India 21 million wells water table is falling by 6 meters (20 feet) per year falling water tables have dried up 95 percent of the wells owned by small farmers drilling 1000m to reach water agriculture is rain-fed and drinking water is trucked in Population Pakistan is growing by 3 million per year, In the Punjab plain, the drop in water tables appears to be similar to that in India. In the province of Baluchistan, water tables are falling by 3.5 meters per year. within 15 years Quetta will run out of water if the current consumption rate continues Pakistan Quetta

29. Cenomanian-Turonian Mountain Aquifer recharged from the West Bank highly permeable Coastal Aquifer Width between 3 and 20 km chief resource of water for Gaza depth to groundwater 60 m to 8 m Israel

30. 80-100 sites lack infrastructure and mitigation measures

31. 1984 Saudi national survey reported fossil water reserves at 462 billion tons ½ has been depleted irrigated agriculture could last for another decade al-Disi aquifer sandstone aquifer not subject to recharge Saudi Arabia Partly in Jordan

32. The Sahara: Libya 1953 “fossil” water Nubian Sandstone Aquifer world's largest fossil-water reserve located near the center of the world's largest continuous stretch of desert two million square kilometers equivalent to the flow of 200 years of water in the Nile River

33. The Great Man-made River Project the largest underground network of pipes in the world 1300 wellsmore than 500 m deepm 6,500,000 m³ water/day Tripoli, Benghazi, Sirt

34. 4 major basins 20,000km³ 10,000km³ 4,800km³ The Great Man-Made River Project Water is 1/10 cost Of desalinization

35. Next: Florida’s Aquifers

37. Vulnerability One gallon of gasoline can contaminate 1 million gallons of drinking water 1 ppm

38. Metals Nutrients Pesticides Petroleum Solvents