1. 1 JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY (1800 – 1816)

2. 2 2 ELECTION OF 1800 “Revolution of 1800” Adams v. Jefferson (again) Challenged by Aaron Burr (DR) Major Issues: - Expansion of Military - Foreign Affairs - Alien & Sedition Acts

3. 3 3 ELECTION OF 1800 Jefferson wins; becomes 3 rd US President DR's also win majority in House & Senate Allows for easy passage of DR laws

4. 4 4 JEFFERSON’S PHILOSOPHY Protect basic human rights Citizen control via annual elections Will of the People Majority Rule Govt. should only perform necessary duties Therefore, govt. should be as small as possible

5. 5 5 A “NATION OF FARMERS” Govt. should support an agrarian society Based on a model in northern Scotland: - Communal Rights - Individual Rights Farmers had most independence; Jefferson referred to this as agrarian democracy Cities, factories, and land speculation will corrupt people Upper class gains more power, which will inevitably limit the power of farming classes

6. 6 6 EXAMPLE POLICIES Westward expansion More farming=more democracy Reduce size of Army/Navy Cut taxes and govt. spending International commerce to support farming “Household Technology” Reduce govt. debt with surplus tax $$ Strict constructionism

7. 7 7 LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803) French Revolution ends Napoleon becomes Emperor Restore French Empire Spain, fearing Napoleon, cedes Louisiana Territory to France Napoleon restricts Mississippi and New Orleans to US trade

8. 8 8 FRENCH EMPIRE

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10. 10 LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803) Napoleon needs $$ to finance European campaigns (Napoleonic Wars) Loses last colony in West (Haitian Slave Rebellion) Sell Louisiana & New Orleans to US US doubles in size; largest land purchase in history Americans begin to push west

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12. 12 LEWIS & CLARK (1803-1805) - Created land route to Pacific Ocean - “Discovered” 300 new species - Richness of West documented; fuels expansion

13. 13 QUICK WRITE - JEFFERSONIAN?? Jefferson, and the Republicans, believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution More importantly, they believed in strict constructionism of the Constitution, i.e. using only the enumerated powers of govt. In your opinion, was the Louisiana Purchase an example of his Republican beliefs? Or did Jefferson act more like a Federalist, using a loose interpretation in this acquisition? Please explain your answer.

14. 14 FEDERALIST STRONGHOLDS: MARSHALL COURT John Marshall (Chief Justice) 1800-1835 Judges appointed by Washington/Adams Serve as check to Jefferson & DRs “Revolution of 1800” deal w/ Hamilton Strong natl. govt. Federal Supremacy Pro-Industry 14

15. 15 MARBURY V. MADISON (1803) “Midnight Judges” William Marbury Marbury not granted commission (contract) Denied by Madison Asks SC for Writ of Mandamus 15

16. 16 MARBURY V. MADISON (1803) Judiciary Act of 1789 Changed jurisdiction of Supreme Court Marshall finds law unconstitutional Established judicial review Checks & Balances Declare acts of other branches unconstitutional 16

17. 17 BARBARY PIRATES, ARRR! - US expands trade to Mediterranean - Pirates capture ships; ransom - Demand “tribute” - US no longer protected by France & GB - US has no Navy; need warships? - Barbary Wars (1802) - “from the shores of Tripoli” 17

18. 18 MORE PROBLEMS W/ BRITAIN & FRANCE Napoleonic Wars (1802-1814) Neither side respects American neutrality Blockades to prevent trade w/ “enemy” Hurts US trade British continue impressment

19. 19 BLOCKADE

20. 20 EMBARGO ACT (1807) Jefferson wants neutrality Stop abuses by Britain & France Passes Embargo Act : – Goal: Respect US neutrality – Restricts trade w/ European countries – Britain & France need US goods for war Jefferson underestimates GB/French rivalry; Napoleonic Wars continue

21. 21 US REACTIONS TO EMBARGO ACT Hurts US more than Europe Public Outrage! Political seats up for grabs (Federalists?) DRs re-gain Presidency w/ election of James Madison US Exports in 1806: $108 Million US Exports in 1808: $22 Million Recession

22. 22 POLITICAL CARTOON c. 1808

23. 23 OTHER ISOLATIONIST ACTS Non-Importation Act (1806) Limit European imports Non-Intercourse Act (1809) Limited ONLY French & British imports Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) Stop attacks; permit trade 23