1. Aim: How did the conflict between Muslims and Hindus impact the creation of Pakistan? Do Now: Ethnic relations at Grover Cleveland. AIM/Goal: How did the conflict between Muslims and Hindus impact the creation of Pakistan? DO NOW: Explain how you think the ethnic groups of Grover Cleveland High School get along? How do you think they get along on a larger scale (Within Long Island, or within the state) ? HW: Can there be both peace & nationalism? Write a paragraph explaining your opinion.

2. A Movement Towards Independence ► 1940’s - Two main religions – Muslim (100 million people) and Hindu (340 million people) ► Congress Party – India’s national party. Mostly Hindu people ► Muslim League – Mostly Muslim. ► Leader = Muhammad Ali Jinnah “The only thing the Muslim’s have in common with the Hindu’s are slavery and the British.” ► Muslim league would not accept India’s independence if it meant that it would be ruled by the Hindu Congress Party.

3. Freedom Brings Turmoil ► After WWII, British were ready to give power over to someone, but who? ► 1946-48 - Riots broke out everywhere, over 5,000 people killed. ► Gandhi was opposed to any plan that partitioned (divided) India into two separate countries ► The partition was approved as the only way to prevent a wide-scale Hindu-Muslim civil war. ► 1947 – 1 million people died during the “move”.

4. Independence ►W►W►W►What is the main message of this political cartoon? ►H►H►H►How did independence impact India?

5. Battle for Kashmir ► Located at Northern point o f India. ► Ruler was Hindu, but MAJOR Muslim population. ► India and Pakistan battle for control of India’s Kashmir. ► 1949 – U.N. makes it 1/3 Pakistani, 2/3 Indian owned. ► Still fighting over Kashmir today.

7. Modern India Modern India ► Independence: August 15th, 1947 ► Jawahatel Nehru – First Prime Minister of India. (17 years)  Emphasized Democracy, Unity and Modernization.  Dies 1964, and 1966 Indira Gandhi takes over. (his daughter)  Challenges Include: Sikh Extremists who attack Indian symbols of authority. Eventually she was assassinated

8. India & Pakistani Nuclear Capability ► 1974– India worked on building peaceful device. ► 1998 – India does 5 underground nuclear tests ► Pakistan does the same ► This creates great concern that both countries have nuclear weapons, especially in light of their continuing struggle with Kashmir.

9. Pakistan Freedom ► Was divided into East and West Pakistan. ► East Pakistan = Larger population, ignored by West Pakistan. ► Tidal Wave strikes East Pakistan and West Pakistan does not quickly send money. ► 1971 – East Pakistan declares independence and renames itself “BANGLADESH”. ► Bangladesh and Pakistan have a civil war. (India comes in to side with Bangladesh) ► Many leaders came in at different times to govern Pakistan. It became a very instable country. ► Benazir Bhutto – 2x Elected Prime Minister of Pakistan, Removed 1996. Pakistan, Removed 1996.