1. EUROPE: A PORTRAIT Diversity and common features

2. Main theme - similarities and differences within Europe and their implications for European integration and for business –Similarities –Differences –Cultural issues –Implications

3. Common characteristics of European economies Mixed economies - details vary Similar trends in economic structure –Decline of primary and secondary (i.e. agriculture and industry) –Shift to service economy 1960s – services c. 45% GDP in most countries Early 2000s – services c 65-70%.

4. Convergence in economic ideology –Western Europe - Keynesianism displaced by neo-liberalism to varying degrees – –Spain, Portugal, Greece – political dictatorship/economic isolationism – converged to Western Europe –Central and Eastern Europe - 45 years as Soviet satellite and command economy - 15 years transition – convergence with Western Europe

5. Subject to similar domestic and international challenges environment employment demography increased competition from Asia technology changes international economic cycles increased capital mobility economic interdependence economic and political integration

6. Europe - unity and diversity Diversity within broad general parameters Diversity from interaction of: –economics –politics –history –social preferences and culture Diversity leads to difference in emphasis for policy and business

7. National differences Different organisational structures –legal and finance structure –ownership –family firms, Mittlestand Each country has own strengths Germany: machinery/equip, motor, chemicals UK: food &beverages, publish./printing, chemicals France: food & beverages, chemicals, metal prods Swed: Motor, machinery/equip, pulp/paper

8. Sapir’s socio-economic models 1.Nordic model (Dk, Fin, Swe, Netherlands) Highest level of social protection and welfare Active labour market policy Strong unions and compressed wage structures Consensus

9. 2. Anglo-Saxon (UK and Ireland) –Social assistance of ‘last resort’ –Weak unions, wide and increasing wage dispersion –High incidence of low paid work –Most market-oriented and little employment protection –Still differences to US where little insurance against labour market risk

10. 3. Continental model (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany and Luxembourg) –The old social market model Market to be regulated for socially acceptable outcome – for efficiency (now questioned) and equity Those with stake in the system will be committed to it –Heavy reliance on insurance-based, non-employment benefits and pensions –Declining but still strong unions

11. 4. Mediterranean (Spain, Portugal, Greece and Italy) –Much of social spending to pensions –Social welfare systems dominated by early retirement –Collective bargaining – strong compression –Strict employment protection

12. Where do new member states fit in? Differences but all have reconfigured their economic, political and social systems in last 15 years. In general – accepted economic liberalism –Baltic States ‘joining the EU would mean adopting rather more socially-oriented policies … Indeed a signficant part of the Euroscepticism has been based on the notion that the EU is ‘far too socialistic’. (Paas, 2003: http://www.ezoneplus.org/archiv/http://www.ezoneplus.org/archiv/ –Bigger new members, not so aggressively liberal

13. New vs old Europe Not just an international relations issues (e.g. Iraq) Also – economic. New member states probably most in common with Anglo- Saxon.

14. Above leads to Sapir’s model matrix

15. Implications Ideal = high equity/high efficiency Framework does identify economies most in need of reform –German economy weak – outcome of election stalemate crucial for Germany but also for the rest of Europe Different models help explain why agreement can sometimes be difficult at European level