1. Imperialism the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories. (a global trend) European Imperialism- Britain, France, Belgium, Italy, Germany, Portugal, Spain divide Africa- (Berlin Conference, nations meet) Britain- Africa, Asia, India- “Sun never sets on the British Empire” American Imperialism- economic competition among industrialized nations –want new markets (consumers), more resources (raw materials) –1900- US export more than import, become economic power political, military competition –build up military (Alfred Mahan, naval power for economic growth), modern fleet, bases around world European descent= superiority (justification) –Civilize the world, spread Christianity Some argument against- cost, peoples rights

2. Hawaii 1850’s- Sugar plantations- immigrant workers, Japan, China- no tax on sugar imports to US 1887- build Pearl Harbor, wealthy businessmen control Hawaiian govt. 1890- McKinley Tariff- new tariff on sugar, business men want to join US to avoid it Queen Liliuokalani- tries take govt. control from plantation owners, –revolt against queen by US plantation owners/ Ambassador John Stevens, –US troops land, govt building taken, queen imprisoned, Sanford Dole president, asks for addition to US, Pres. Cleveland refuses 1898- McKinley becomes pres. adds Hawaii 1898- McKinley becomes pres. adds Hawaii

3. Spanish American War 1800’s- US eye on Cuba 1868-1878- Cuba fights Spain for Independence Late 1800’s- US investors in Sugar plantations, Cuba 1895- 2nd Cuban war for Independence- Jose Marti- –Spanish move 300,000 Cubans into concentration camps –American journalist influence public opinion, support Cubans Yellow journalism- exaggerated stories to gain readers, William Randolph Hearst, James Pulitzer- “You furnish the pictures and Ill furnish the War” De Lome Letter- Spanish official criticizes McKinley, 1898 –McKinley tries diplomacy –USS Maine- explodes in Havana, Cuban Harbor

4. War with Spain 1898, Spain agrees to US terms but US declares war Philippines- US Navy defeats (Dewey) Spanish fleet, US troops help Aguinaldo/ Filipinos fight off Spanish. Cuba- US army not well prepared, short on supplies, weapons, training- blockade of Cuba, –Troops land in Santiago, Rough Riders (and others) charge on Spanish, infantry takes San Juan Hill, Roosevelt declared a hero –Naval battle, Spanish fleet destroyed –Invade Puerto Rico Treaty of Paris,1898- take Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam from Spain pay $20 million for Philippines

6. American Colonies 1901- Supreme Court decides US constitution does not apply to acquired territory Puerto Rico- –US sets up military govt, limits press, treated as inferior, Puerto Ricans hope for citizenship and local self govt, statehood- Luis Munoz Rivera –Foraker Act- denies citizenship, US pres appoints governor, ½ of legislature –1917- Congress gives citizenship, more local self govt

7. Cuba- protectorate of US (partially controlled by US) –US promises not to govern Cuba, US Army governs- improves conditions –Cuban constitution written- Platt Amendment- (US adds) Cuba cant make treaties w/ others or go into debt, US had right to intervene, have naval base –US protects its economic interests, interferes with affairs several times Philippines- –Aguinaldo leads rebellion, fight for 3 years, mistreatment of Filipinos –US pres appoints Filipino pres and ½ of legislature, conditions/ education on island improve –Independence in 1946

9. World Power US begins participating in world affairs, become a world power, Roosevelt player on world stage- –some disagreement whether it was right, necessary or worth it China- large market for products- European countries develop spheres of influence –Open Door Policy- US ensures freedom to trade/ Chinese independence- Freedom to trade most important –Boxer Rebellion- rise up against foreigners, Europeans join together to put down Russo-Japanese war- Roosevelt helps to reach a peace agreement Great White Fleet- world tour of US navy, demonstrate power, 1907 (building up of navy) Panama Canal- wants shortcut between oceans, when Colombia (owned Panama) refused US backed Panama Revolution, declared independence, agreed to canal. –1904-1913- 50,000+ workers, thousands died, disease, accidents, $380 million

10. Latin America- Roosevelt, US the only world power in western hemisphere- “Speak softly and carry a big stick” –Roosevelt Corollary- (to Monroe Doctrine)- disorder in Latin America requires US intervention (US World Police) –Dollar Diplomacy- using US economic power to influence other countries (govt backs up American business loans) –Wilson- US has a moral responsibility to not acknowledge oppressive L. American govts.- Missionary Diplomacy- Tested in Mexico

11. Mexican Revolution- 1910 dictator Porfirio Diaz, 1876-1910, then Madero, then Huerta- oppressive dictator, US refuses to recognize him, then Carranza supported by US, makes Pancho Villa mad, he attacks US citizens, US army hunt him in Mexico, tensions grow, WWI distracts US Foreign Policy Goals/ beliefs American superiority Expansion of access to foreign markets Built modern navy International police power/ dominance in Latin America