1. Table of Contents Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception

2. Table of Contents Sensation and Perception: The Distinction Sensation : stimulation of sense organs Perception: selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input Psychophysics = the study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience

3. Table of Contents Figure 4.1 The distinction between sensation and perception

4. Table of Contents Psychophysics: Basic Concepts Sensation begins with a detectable stimulus –Psychological versus physical Fechner: the concept of the threshold –Absolute threshold: detected 50% of the time – Just noticeable difference (JND): smallest difference detectable Weber’s law: size of JND proportional to size of initial stimulus

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6. Psychophysics: Concepts and Issues Signal-Detection Theory: Sensory processes + decision processes - applications Subliminal Perception: Existence vs. practical effects –1957 study in a drive in movie –Objective evaluation – critical thinking Sensory Adaptation: Decline in sensitivity

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8. Vision: The Stimulus Light = electromagnetic radiation Amplitude: perception of brightness –Wavelength: perception of color –purity: mix of wavelengths perception of saturation, or richness of colors. Refraction Reflection Absorption Diffraction

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10. The Eye: Converting Light into Neural Impulses The eye: housing and channeling Components: –Cornea: where light enters the eye Anterior chamber –Lens: focuses the light rays on the retina - presbyopia –Iris: colored ring of muscle, constricts or dilates via amount of light –Pupil: regulates amount of light Eye conditions –Nearsightness – mypoia –Farsightness - hyperopia

11. Table of Contents Figure 4.7 The human eye

12. Table of Contents Figure 4.8 Nearsightedness and farsightedness

13. Table of Contents The Retina: An Extension of the CNS Retina: absorbs light, processes images, and sends information to the brain Optic disk: where the optic nerve leaves the eye/ blind spot Receptor cells: –Rods: black and white/ low light vision –Cones: color and daylight vision Adaptation: becoming more or less sensitive to light as needed Information processing: –Receptive fields –Lateral antagonism

14. Table of Contents Figure 4.9 The retina

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16. Hubel and Wiesel: Feature Detectors and the Nobel Prize Early 1960’s: Hubel and Wiesel –Microelectrode recording of axons in primary visual cortex of animals –Discovered feature detectors: neurons that respond selectively to lines, edges, etc. –Groundbreaking research: Nobel Prize in 1981 Later research: cells specific to faces in the temporal lobes of monkeys and humans Cell specialization – fusifacial form area (FFA) – Quiroga et al. (2005) - hippocampus cells- common name? Greebles research – Gauthier et al. (1999) –Facial recognition cells can be trained to recognize other types of stimuli

17. Table of Contents The Retina and the Brain: Visual Information Processing Light -> rods and cones -> neural signals -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cells -> optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> opposite half brain -> Main pathway: lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus) -> primary visual cortex (occipital lobe) –magnocellular: where –parvocellular: what –Blindsight – Wesiskrantz (1994) Second pathway: superior colliculus ->thalamus -> primary visual cortex

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19. Figure 4.15 The what and where pathways from the primary visual cortex

20. Table of Contents Basics of Color Vision Wavelength determines color –Longer = red / shorter = violet Amplitude determines brightness Purity determines saturation Computer generated colors and human color vision: 48 bit color scanners v. humans

21. Table of Contents Figure 4.18 The color solid

22. Table of Contents Figure 4.19 Additive versus subtractive color mixing

23. Table of Contents Theories of Color Vision Trichromatic theory - Young and Helmholtz –Receptors for red, green, blue – color mixing – F 4.21 Opponent Process theory – Hering –3 pairs of antagonistic colors – negative afterimages –red/green, blue/yellow, black/white Current perspective: both theories necessary Color vision defects Color vision defects: simulations

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