1. ANATOMY of PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC CELLS
CHAPTER 4
ANATOMY of
PROKARYOTIC
and EUKARYOTIC CELLS
SUFFOLK COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Dr. Reitano

2. BASIC STRUCTURE OF ___KARYOTIC CELL

3. Basic Bacterial Shapes
BASIC SHAPES:
1. __________
rod-shaped
2. Coccus
__________
3. Spiral

4. PROKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES
(Outer Membrane)
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
______________
Cytoplasm
Nucleoid Region
_____
Double-stranded
circular
_____________
Inclusions/granules
Endospores
___________
Glycocalyx
________
Slime layer
Appendages
Flagella
Pili
Fimbriae
Axial Filaments

5. ______________ DESCRIPTION Sticky, gel-like made of polysaccharides,
polypeptides, or both
surrounds cell
TYPES
______ – organized, firmly attached to cell wall; ex. S. mutans
Slime layer – unorganized, _______ attached to
cell wall, ex. S. __________, B. _________
FUNCTION
__________ protect against phagocytosis
Protection against dehydration
________ – play role in attachment and production of biofilms

6. ________________
Microbes ______ to solid surfaces and grow into _____________
Masses will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical implants

7. ____KARYOTIC FLAGELLA
Description
long, whip-like appendages
Location
external to cell
Structure
______ -outermost
hook-widest
basal body-anchors
Function
_____________
Runs, tumbles,
swarms
Chemotaxis - response to chemical signals

8. AXIAL FILAMENTS in ___KARYOTES a.k.a. endoflagella
Description
Bundles of filaments
Location
Anchored at 1 end of spirochete cells
Wrap around the length of the spirochetes, ex.
T. pallidum, B. burgdorferi
Function
Spiral, corkscrew ___________

9. PROKARYOTIC __________
Description
hair-like
appendages
Location
Surrounds entire
cell or at poles of cell
Function
__________ (_______________)
Ex. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Structure
Protein (pilin)

10. PROKARYOTIC _________
Structure
Long, rigid, tubular
structures
1 or 2 per cell
Function
Conjugation – transfer of _________
from 1 bacterial cell to another

11. BACTERIAL CELL __________: determine ________ provide structural __________

12. COMPARISON of GRAM POSITIVE and GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIAL CELL WALLS

13. PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Polymer of a _______________ N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
Linked by polypeptides
Figure 4.13a

14. BACTERIAL CELL ____ STRUCTURE
____________________________________________________
Figure 4.13b, c

15. GRAM-_____________ CELL WALLS
PG -thick
__________ acids: Alcohol + phosphate
Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane
Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan
May regulate cation(+ ion) movement in and out cell
Provide antigenic specificity
Play role in cell growth
Figure 4.13b

16. GRAM _________ CELL WALL
PG - thin
_______________
Structure
Lipopolysaccharides
Lipoproteins
Phospholipids
Porins
Function
____________
Helps evade phagocytosis
Helps evade complement action
Barrier to certain antibiotics (penicillin), lysozyme, detergents, metals, some dyes

17. ATYPICAL BACTERIAL CELL ______
_______________ sp.
Lack cell walls
Sterols in plasma
membrane
Ex. Mycoplasma
pneumoniae
___________
Wall-less, or
Walls of pseudomurein (lack PG):
(lack NAM and D-amino acids)

18. DAMAGE to BACTERIAL CELL WALLS
Some methods include:
________- digests bonds between disaccharides in peptidoglycan.
In G+, results in _____plasts (totally wall-less cells).
In G-, results in ______plasts (semi wall-less cells).
_______- inhibits formation of peptide bridges in peptidoglycan.
G+ bacteria more susceptible than G- bacteria

19. Gram __________ BACTERIAL CELL WALL SUMMARY Gram __________
Thick peptidoglycan
_______ acids
In acid-fast cells, mycolic acid present
Thin peptidoglycan
_________________
Periplasmic space
Figure 4.13b–c

20. PRINCIPLE of __________
Crystal violet-iodine (CV-I) crystals form in cell
Gram-________
________ dehydrates peptidoglycan
CV-I crystals do not leave
Gram-___________
_________ dissolves outer
__________ and leaves holes in
__________________
CV-I _______________

21. ___________ CELL MEMBRANE MODEL
STRUCTURE: PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER + __________
FUNCTION: controls ________ into and out of cell, PERMEABILITY
DAMAGE to PLASMA
Membrane- Results in leakage
of cell contents/CELL DEATH
Caused by:
Alcohols, Ammonia
(detergents),
Polymixin antibiotics
Figure 4.14b

22. INTERNAL COMPONENTS OF ____KARYOTIC CELLS
_____________
substance inside the plasma
membrane
NUCLEAR AREA (___________
region)
Genetic material
Single, circular chromosome
RIBOSOMES(____)
Function in protein synthesis
Figure 4.6a, b

23. _____KARYOTIC INCLUSIONS
Phosphate reserves
Energy reserves
Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation
________________
Protein covered cylinders
Iron oxide (destroys ____)
Metachromatic granules (volutin)
Polysaccharide granules
Lipid inclusions
_________ granules
______________
Gas vacuoles
____________

24. ENDOSPORES ____________ cells
Resistant to desiccation, ______, chemicals
Bacillus sp.,
Clostridium sp.
___________: Endospore formation
Germination: Return to __________ state

25. ____karyotic Cell
What groups of microorganisms are eukaryotic?

26. BASIC COMPARISON of ___________ CELL STRUCTURE

27. Flagella and ______* *no _____ in _____karyotic cells
___karyotic Flagellum: Structure
Microtubules
Tubulin
9 pairs + 2 arrangement
Figure 4.23a, b

28. EUKARYOTIC _________ PROPERTIES*
Function
- ______, __________
Structure (lack ____________ acid)
Carbohydrate
Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan
Plants, algae, fungi
Cell walls _____ present in ______ cells
Glycocalyx
Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane
Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane

29. EUKARYOTIC PLASMA _____________
STRUCTURE - Phospholipid
bilayer + ________
-Sterols (may be present)-
protection against lysis
-Carbohydrates-serve as
-attachment + recognition sites
FUNCTION
-Selective ___________- allows passage of some molecules: water, simple sugars, oxygen, amino acids, carbon dioxide
-Enzymes for ATP production

30. Cytoplasmic Structures of __KARYOTIC CELLS
_____________
Substance inside plasma membrane and outside nucleus
Cytosol
____ portion of cytoplasm
Cyto__________*
microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
microtubules
provide support and movement for cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic ___________*
Movement of cytoplasm throughout cells

31. __KARYOTIC CELL ORGANELLES*
Membrane-bound:
__________ Contains chromosomes, genetic information; histone proteins**
ER Transport network between plasma and nuclear membranes
____ complex Membrane formation, distribution, protein packaging
Lysosome Digestive enzymes
Vacuole Brings food into cells and provides support
Mitochondrion Cellular _________ (70S ribosomes)
Chloroplast(plants) _____________ (70S ribosomes)
Peroxisome Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2

32. EUKARYOTIC CELL ORGANELLES
Not membrane-bound:
_______________
Protein synthesis (80S*)
_______________*
Cell division
Consists of protein fibers and centrioles
______________*
Mitotic spindle formation

33. Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview
_________________
One circular chromosome, not in a membrane
No histones
No organelles
_______: peptidoglycan cell walls
Archaea: pseudomurein cell walls
Divides by ________ fission
________________
_________ chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
Histones
Organelles
Polysaccharide cell walls, when present
Divides by ________

34. _______________________ THEORY
__karyotes evolved from ____karyotes
Prokaryotes develop a___________
Eukaryotes ingest ________ bacteria – become _____________________
Eukaryotes ingest photosynthetic bacteria – become chloroplast
Figure 10.2

35. PLASMA ___________ Function
Selective __________ – allows passage of some molecules via the following transport mechanisms:
_________ transport
NO ATP needed
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
__________ transport –
ATP needed
Transporter protein
Group translocation
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis: Pseudopods extend and engulf particles
Pinocytosis: Membrane folds inward bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

36. Movement Across Membranes PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Simple ______________:
Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
________________ diffusion:
Solute combines with a _________ ________ in the membrane.

37. Movement Across Membranes ____________ TRANSPORT
__________ ___________:
Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

38. MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES Facilitated Diffusion (Passive Transport)
__________ combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.
Figure 4.17

39. MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES
___________ (passive transport)
Movement of __________ across a selectively
permeable membrane from an area of higher
water concentration to an area of lower water conc.
Osmotic pressure
The pressure needed to stop the
movement of water across the membrane.
Figure 4.18a

40. Movement of WATER across Membranes- Osmosis (Passive Transport)
Movement of water from a ______ concentration of ________ to a lower concentration of water
( favorable gradient)
through a phospholipid
bilayer.
b. through __________
(water transporting
protein channels).
Figure 4.17d

41. The Principle of ___________
Figure 4.18a–b

42. THE EFFECT of ________ on _____

43. MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES
___________ transport
Transport of substances requires a transporter protein and ATP.
Group translocation
Transport of substances requires a transporter protein and PEP.

44. ENDOCYTOSIS & EXOCYTOSIS __________ TRANSPORT

45. ________ vs. ______ TRANSPORT
CLASSIFICATION of TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT PROTEIN
DIRECTION of MOVEMENT
REQUIRES ATP
TYPE of TRANSPORT
SIMPLE
DIFFUSION
____
With
concentration
gradient No
____________
FACILITATED
___ – carrier
Proteins or channel proteins
___________
Passive
ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
Yes – carrier
Proteins
_______
Gradient
________
Active

46. COMPARISON of PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC CELLS
CELL PART
FUNCTION
PROKARYOTIC CELL*
EUKARYOTIC CELL
Cell Wall
Support/Protection
Present*
________ only
Plasma membrane
Homeostasis/
Transport
Present
Nucleus
Control Center
Absent
Genetic Material
Cell Function/Properties
Circular
_________________
Histones
Gene regulation/organization
Ribosomes
Protein Synthesis
Present (_______)
Present (________)
____________
Internal Structure
Mitochondrion
Energy Production
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis
Absent*
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Intracellular transport/
chemical reactions
Golgi Apparatus
Protein packaging/transport
___________
Digests Material
Present in some
Vacuole
Storage