1. Chapter 8 The Cell and Its Environment Standard 2: Students know and understand the characteristics and structure of living things, the processes of life, and how living things interact with each other and the environment.

2. Introduction to the Cell Introduction and Evolution of the Cell (26:13)

3. Vocabulary Active transportOsmosis Cell theoryPassive transport Cell wallPhagocytosis DiffusionPinocytosis Dynamic equilibriumPlasma membrane EndocytosisExocytosis Facilitated diffusionTransport protein Fluid Mosaic modelVesicle Middle Lamella Selectively permeable membrane Video time: 68:23

4. 4.1 Membrane Structure Key Terms: –Cell Theory –Plasma Membrane –Selective Permeability –Lipid Bilayer –Membrane proteins –Fluid mosaic model Plasma Membrane animationPlasma Membrane animation E-Coli

5. Kingdoms On Earth, there are five kingdoms that include specific organisms that fit into that kingdom based on similar characteristics. They are: –Monerans –Protists –Plants –Fungi (There’s a fungus among us) –Animals

6. Life Inside A Cell Life Inside A Cell (3:10) Animal Cell Plant Cell

7. Cell Theory All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells or cell fragments. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in organisms. All cells are produced from other cells. So, what are cells exactly? It’s alive!It’s alive! Animal cell (Click on the picture)

8. Scientists Behind Cell Theory Robert Hooke: 1665 –First discovery of cells Matthias Schleiden: 1838 –Concluded all plants are made of cells and cells are the basis of a plant’s function Theodor Schwann: 1839 –All animals are made of cells Rudolf Virchow: 1858 –All cells come from other cells. Robert Hooke and friends Click on picture (3:32)

9. Pick me! Click me!

10. Properties of Plasma Membrane All cells live in a fluid environment Each cell is a separate unit of life that receives and releases substances from their environment through the plasma membrane. Plasma membrane is the cell’s gatekeeper. Plasma Membrane (1:29)

11. Selective Permeability The cell’s membrane selectively lets things in and out in order to maintain organization. Substances that go in and out include: –Amino acids that make polypeptides. –Glucose molecules used in cellular respiration. –Oxygen in and Carbon Dioxide out. Substances go into and out of the cell membrane (1:01cell membrane (1:01)

12. Lipid Bilayer Two layers of phospholipids form the plasma membrane. Each layer has a polar head and 2 nonpolar tails. Which layer would be more “friendly” to water molecules? Phospholipids on the town Click on the picture (2:28)

13. 4.2 Membrane Function Key Terms: –Diffusion Dynamic equilibrium –Osmosis Hypertonic solution Hypotonic solution –Facilitated diffusion Transport proteins Channel proteins Carrier proteins –Active Transport Pumps –Endocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor-aided –Exocytosis –Cell Walls Middle lamella

14. Diffusion vs. Osmosis

15. DiffusionDiffusion (:39) Random movement of particles is called diffusion. Particles go from a greater concentration to a lesser concentration to create a dynamic equilibrium. What is dynamic equilibrium? What is dynamic equilibrium? (6:07) Diffusion across a membraneDiffusion across a membrane (:53)

16. Osmosis Diffusion across a cell membrane is called osmosis. For any cell to survive, it must be in osmotic balance with its environment. Osmotic balance occurs when movement of water in and out of the cell is equal.

17. TONICITY Isotonic, Hypertonic and Hypotonic Solutions (3:24) Solutions

18. Quick Checkup What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis? What is meant by selective permeability? Explain dynamic equilibrium. Explain what happens to a cell in a –Hypertonic solution (:35)Hypertonic solution –Hypotonic solution (:54)Hypotonic solution

19. Facilitated Diffusion Channel Protein Passive Transport System Carrier Protein Active Transport System Carrier Protein Action Channel Protein Action Comparison of channel to carrier proteins

20. Active Transport It takes ENERGY for a cell to move substances from a region of lesser concentration to a region of greater concentration. Through active transport, cells use transport proteins called pumps. Transport protein pump

21. Endocytosis Not all substances enter the cell through channels. A plasma membrane can enclose a substance, pinch it off from the rest of the membrane and deposit the material on the other side. Endocytosis (Click here 3:55)

22. Exocytosis Exocytosis gets rid of unwanted particles and also distributes substances needed elsewhere, like hormones. The substance is enclosed in a vesicle that travels to the plasma membrane, breaks open, fuses with the membrane and expels the substance. Endo and exocytosis review (1:23)

23. Plants Have Cell Walls!!! Unlike animal cells, plants have cell walls made of cellulose. Cell walls are made up of dead cells that provide protection and support. The middle lamella, made of pectin, is sandwiched between the two primary cell walls. Cell walls (1:53Cell walls (1:53)

24. Eukaryotic Plant Cells and Photosynthesis (13:27)