2. AP Biology Study of Life Themes

3. AP Biology Themes  Science as a process of inquiry  questioning & investigation  Evolution  Energy transfer  Continuity & Change  Relationship of structure to function  Regulation  Interdependence in nature  Science, technology & society

4. AP Biology Science as a process of inquiry

5. AP Biology Science as a process of inquiry  Built on repeatable observations & testable, falsifiable hypotheses

6. AP Biology Evolution  Core theme of biology Charles Darwin

7. AP Biology Natural selection  Evolutionary change is a product of the process of natural selection Organisms don’t adapt; Organisms have adaptations.

8. AP Biology "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." -- Theodosius Dobzhansky March 1973 Geneticist, Columbia University (1900-1975)

9. AP Biology Evolution explains unity & diversity  Unity  what do organisms have in common & why do similarities exist?  common biochemistry & physiology  evolutionary relationships  connected through common ancestor  Diversity  but why are there differences?  natural selection  adaptations allow different individuals to survive in different environments

10. AP Biology

11. Organizing systems  Making sense out of the diversity  Hierarchical scheme Eastern gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis

12. AP Biology 3 Domains of Life Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya EukaryaBacteriaArchaea

13. AP Biology Energy transfer  Life is an open system  need input of energy  energy flows through  energy comes in, energy goes out  need a constant input  need input of materials  nutrients are recycled around & around ENTROPY RULES! DECOMPOSERS RULE, too! nutrients

14. AP Biology Energy utilization You think they’re eating… They’re harvesting energy!

15. AP Biology Continuity & change  Continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA  DNA – the genetic material – carries biological information from one generation to the next You can make more, a lot like you! TRAITTRAIT

16. AP Biology Form follows function  The alignment of structure & function is seen at all levels of biology organism cell organelle organ

17. AP Biology Regulation  Organisms need to maintain a “steady state” in the face of changing conditions  maintain homeostasis  achieve this through feedback  monitor the body like a thermostat  turn on when it’s needed, off when its not

18. AP Biology Interdependence  No organism is an island standing alone  communities, ecosystems

19. AP Biology Science, technology & society  Science & technology must function within the rules of society  ethics

20. AP Biology Themes  Science as a process of inquiry  questioning & investigation  Evolution  Energy transfer  Continuity & Change  Relationship of structure to function  Regulation  Interdependence in nature  Science, technology & society

21. AP Biology Why study themes of Biology?  Biology is an ever expanding body of knowledge  too much to memorize it all  need to generalize  create a framework upon which to organize new knowledge  themes are the key to understanding the nature of living organisms

22. AP Biology Scientific Methods and Processes There is no “THE”!!

23. AP Biology Process of Science  Observation  Any phenomenon can be more fully understood by observation.  Hypothesis  Use of inductive reasoning to form an explanation for the observed phenomenon.  An “If….then…..” statement that is testable and based on prior knowledge.

24. AP Biology Process of Science  Experiments  Use of inductive reasoning to form an appropriate experimental design.  Control Group “What would have happened anyway”  Model  Repeatable  Several formats used by different scientists in different fields.  Data  Observable, objective results of an experiment.  Can be summarized in graphs, charts or diagrams.

25. AP Biology Conclusion  Data must be analyzed in order to reach a conclusion as to whether or not the hypothesis is supported.  Findings must be reported in scientific journals so methodology and data are open for inspection and repetition. “Real World”  Error Analysis

26. AP Biology

27. Scientific Theory  Scientific Theory - Joins together two or more related hypotheses.  Supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data.  Answers the “Why?”  Scientific Principle / Law - Theory, or set of theories, generally accepted by an overwhelming number of scientists.  States the “What.”

28. AP Biology Controlled Study  Independent Variable  Factor of the experiment being tested.  Also called “manipulated” or “experimental”.  Dependent Variable  Result that occurs due to the experimental variable.  Also called “responding”.  In a valid experiment there is only 1 variable.

29. AP Biology Classic Experiment  Hypothesis  Prediction  Experimental Design  Control Group  Test Groups  Results  Conclusion

30. AP Biology ANY QUESTIONS?