1. Identifying Similarities and Differences Classroom Instruction That Works by Robert J. Marzano, Debra J. Pickering and Jane E. Pollock Instructional Strategy #1 Vicky Diaz Carolina Jakobsen EDU 608 Instructional Design and Assessment

2. Identifying Similarities and Differences Average effect size 1.61 Percentile gain: 45 This means it is an instructional strategy that has high probability of enhancing student achievement for all students in all subject areas at all grade levels.

3. Identifying Similarities and Differences Researchers have found these mental operations to be basic to human thought. They might be considered the “core” of all learning.

4. Identifying Similarities and Differences Four generalizations drawn from the research and theory in this area: Presenting students with explicit guidance in identifying similarities and differences enhances students’ understanding of and ability to use knowledge.( teacher-directed tasks) Asking students to independently identify similarities and differences enhances students’ understanding of and ability to use knowledge. (student-directed tasks) Representing similarities and differences in graphic or symbolic form enhances students’ understanding of and ability to use knowledge. Identification of similarities and differences can be accomplished in a variety of ways. The identification of similarities and differences is a highly robust activity.

5. Identifying Similarities and Differences Different “forms” of identifying similarities and differences proven by research: ◦Comparing ◦Classifying ◦Creating metaphors ◦Creating analogies

6. Identifying Similarities and Differences Comparing is the process of identifying similarities and differences between or among things or ideas. FOOD PIONEER DAYS -Mainly had to raise, -Could grow, or hunt raise, grow, -No good way to store hunt -Limited variety -All food groups PIONEER DAYS -Mainly had to raise, -Could grow, or hunt raise, grow, -No good way to store hunt -Limited variety -All food groups TODAY -Most people buy at store; can raise, grow, or hunt -Storage is good: refrigerator/freezer -Large variety TODAY -Most people buy at store; can raise, grow, or hunt -Storage is good: refrigerator/freezer -Large variety Kevin Henkes Venn Diagram http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Af IkLq3WMuQ

7. Identifying Similarities and Differences Classifying is the process of grouping things that are alike into categories on the basis of their characteristics. BLUEPURPLEYELLOWGREENRED sky water ocean grapespineapples pencils bananas grass lemons apples strawberries cherries Gummy Bear Sorting http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IoIdVi1zbms http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IoIdVi1zbms

8. Identifying Similarities and Differences Creating metaphors is the process of identifying a general or basic pattern in a specific topic and then finding another topic that appears to be quite different but that has the same general pattern. “Making a paragraph is like making a sandwich” Making a SandwichAnother Way to Say ItWriting a Paragraph What are you hungry for?What is my goal?What is the topic or purpose of the paragraph? What kind of bread?What will hold it together?What will be my first and last sentence? Teaching Metaphor 3 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N Py8d-TWVbo

9. Identifying Similarities and Differences Creating analogies is the process of identifying relationships between pairs of concepts-in other words, identifying relationships between relationships. thermometer:temperature::odometer:distance How to Build Analogies with ThinkBlocks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwCvJ88d02g&feature=Pl ayList&p=92B907DE7766375B&playnext=1&playnext_from= PL&index=12 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwCvJ88d02g&feature=Pl ayList&p=92B907DE7766375B&playnext=1&playnext_from= PL&index=12

10. References Examples of Graphic Organizers: http://www.eduplace.com/graphicorganizer/ Marzano, Pickering, Pollock, “Classroom Instruction That Works” YouTube video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8a5Z_ -Mscrg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8a5Z_ -Mscrg

11. Instructional Strategies Identifying similarities and differences Summarizing and note taking Reinforcing effort and providing recognition Homework and practice Nonlinguistic representations Cooperative learning Setting objectives and providing feedback Generating and testing hypotheses Questions, cues, and advance organizers