1. Transmutation of Spent Nuclear Fuel utilizing Spallation Reactions John Freiderich NCSS 07/27/2006

2. Introduction Accumulated Spent Nuclear Fuel  Over 40k metric tons Spallation Transmutation

3. Spallation What does this entail?  Incident Particle  Target Nucleus Goal: Generate Neutrons

4. Cross-Section Incident Particles  Charged Particles  Uncharged Particles

5. Mass Partitions

6. Two-Step Nucleon Production First Step  Penetration  Intranuclear Cascade Second Step  De-excitation of Compound Nucleus Evaporation of nucleons and light nuclei Fission

7. Intranuclear Cascade

8. Spent Nuclear Fuel Prediction: Enrico Fermi (1940s) Today  Criticality Concerns  Decay Heat Management  Radioactive Waste Handling Seen as Primary Problems

9. Products of Nuclear Waste Radio nuclides  90 Sr, 137 Cs  239 Pu, 242 Pu, 237 Np, 129 I, 135 Cs and 99 Tc Mobility & Half-lives

10. Transmutation Transforming the Nucleus  Neutron Absorption

11. Neutron Absorption Induced through Sub-critical System  Accelerator-Driven System (ADS)  External Source of Neutrons

12. Chemical Reprocessing Aqueous Separations  Remove 238 U and some other fission products

13. ADS Schematic

14. Conclusion Exponential growth in Energy Demand Spallation provides neutron source

15. Inquiries?

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