1. Aspects of Globalisation

2. Globalisation Increasing economic integration through trade, investment and migration; The shift towards market-driven production and distribution systems in many countries, most notably in Europe and Asia; The rapid technological advancement, especially evident in ICT (information and communications technology).

3. Globalisation in History, 1980-2000 Source: Williamson, J. (2003) “Back to the Future.” World Economics, pp. 95-138.

4. World Exports as a Percentage of World GDP (Current prices and exchange rates) Source: Quoted from Glyn, A. (2005), “The Assessment: How Far has Globalisation Gone?” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, pp. 1-14.

5. Trade Openness (average of exports and imports, % GDP; current prices and PPPs) Source: Quoted from Glyn, A. (2005), “The Assessment: How Far has Globalisation Gone?” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, pp. 1-14.

6. Import Penetration of Domestic Market for Manufactures 1913-1999 (%)

7. Foreign Direct Investment, 1991-2002 (% of gross domestic investment)

8. Country1870-19131914-491950-731974-98 France890-2363,6301,026 Germany-2,598-304 3 7,0705,911 Italy-4,459-1,771-2,1391,617 United Kingdom-6,415-1,405 4 -605737 Total Western Europe 2 -13,996-3,6629,38110,898 Australia8856732,0332,151 New Zealand29013824787 Canada8612072,1262,680 United States15,8206,2218,25716,721 Total Western Offshoots 2 17,8567,23912,66321,639 Source: Williamson, J. (2003) “Back to the Future.” World Economics, pp. 95-138. Notes: 1 Negative sing indicates net outflow; 2 Includes Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland, 3 1922-39, 4 Excludes 1939-45 Net Migration, Western Europe and the Western Offshoots: 1870-1998 1 (000)

9. The Future Faster growth and a higher degree of interrelation between several industries Accounting/management consultants Chemicals Food Health care Mass media Telecoms Leisure Faster technological progress New countries jumping on the globalisation bandwagon New national and international regulatory frameworks

10. Opportunities Larger markets Scale economies (ability to spread fixed costs over larger volumes) Uniform standards Access to best resources Lower risks ‘Easier’ regulatory framework

11. Risks Political Social Tougher regulation Multitude of competitors