1. 1 Human Populations

2. Population Clocks http://www.census.gov/main/www /popclock.html U.S. 313,293,842 World 7,004,581,878 05:36 UTC (EST+5) Apr 03, 2012

3. 3 Human Population Levels Throughout History ADD FIG. 4.2

4. Current World Birth and Death Rates Every second: about 4 children are born, while about 2 other people die In 2010 Net gain: 2.3 humans were added to the world population every second 227,000/day 83 million more people in one year

5. 2010 Population Numbers by Country 2060 (estimated)

6. 6 ADD TABLE 4.1

7. 7 Human Population Levels Throughout History ADD FIG. 4.2

8. Exponential Growth = the increase in a population (biotic potential) assumes no resource limitations. Example: Bacterial Growth

9. Carrying Capacity = Maximum population an ecosystem can maintain on a sustainable basis Fur Seals were almost hunted to extinction.

10. 10 World Population Growth 1750 - 2100

11. High Medium Low 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 19501960197019801990200020102020203020402050 High 10.9 Medium 9.3 Low 7.3 Year Population (billions) 2000 Projected Population Growth Oops…By 2012 we have already exceeded 7 billion

12. Factors Affecting Natural Rate of Increase Developed Countries 50 40 30 20 10 0 1775 1800 185019001950 2000 2050 Rate of natural increase birth rate death rate Rate of natural increase = birth rate –death rate Developing Countries 50 40 30 20 10 0 1775 1800 185019001950 2000 2050 Rate per 1,000 people birth rate Rate of natural increase death rate Year © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

13. Age Cohorts = allows a study of the # of individuals of the same age group and sex It helps to plan for the different needs of the parts of a population, like children or old people.

14. So, the rate of growth declines, but the population still grows quickly. Why?

15. 15 Regional Declines in Total Fertility Rates

16. We hope it continues to decline!

17. Births per woman < 2 2-2.9 3-3.9 4-4.9 5+ Data not available Fertility Rate per Woman

18. Primary Education Completion Rate 1995-2001

19. 19 Education and Fertility Rates

20. CIESIN 2005 % of Children aged 0-5 years Underweight in 2000

21. Africa has the most severe nutrition problem

22. Under-5 mortality 2003 (WHO 2006 Annual Report)

23. World Health Organization data 2001 (from Global Health Council http://www.globalhealth.org) Leading Causes of Death in Children (<5y/o) Role of malnutrition - 2001 Perinatal (22%) All other causes (29%) HIV / AIDS (4%) Diarrhea (12%) Measles (5%) Malaria (8%) Pneumonia (20%) Malnutrition underlying factor (60%)

24. What are the principal factors associated with child mortality? 1.Education 2.Nutrition 3.Family income 4.Water, Sanitation, housing 5.Health Care 6.War and violence 7.Inequality Common denominator: Poverty and Disparity

25. NYT Feb 11, 2001

26. FOOD INSECURITY and OBESITY linked to RISING INEQUALITY

28. Do we have the resources to improve basic conditions globally? Cosmetics (USA) Ice cream (EU) Perfumes (USA & EU) Pet foods (USA & EU) Business entertainment (Japan) Cigarettes (EU) Alcoholic drinks (EU) Narcotics (global) Military (global) 8 11 12 17 35 50 105 400 780 Basic education Water & sanitation Reproductive health services Basic health and nutrition Source: Human Development Report 1998, Chapter 1, p.37, UNDP Chapter 1, p.37 6 9 12 13 1998 spending ( $Billions ) Cost for universal access

29. NYT 071107

30. Decisions on how many children to have are influenced by many factors, including culture, religion, politics, need for old-age security, and immediate family finances.

31. 31 China's one-child- per-family policy decreased the country's fertility rate from 6 to 1.8 in two decades. However, the policy is very controversial.

32. 32 Fig. 4.13

33. The US is #1 ! Not only in military spending but: The US has the highest fertility rates of any 1 st world nations. The US also has the highest infant mortality rates of any 1 st world nation. The US has the highest STD rate of any 1 st world nation

34. 2011 - world's top 15 military spenders Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

35. US Arms Sales US Arms industry is larger than rest of world combined Every year the US sells over $6 Billion of arms to poor countries Lucrative industry – little regulation

36. SCF State of the World's Mothers 2004 In Phillips County,Arkansas, the birth rate among teenage girls in 2000 was 127 births per 1,000 w omen aged 15 to 19 - a rate higher than in 94 developing countries. A fifth of 20-yr old women who gave birth in the US gave birth did so in their teens Birth rates per 1000 women aged 15-19

37. Infant Mortality Rate, 2002 * 2001. Data: International estimates—OECD Health Data 2005; State estimates—National Vital Statistics System, Linked Birth and Infant Death Data (AHRQ 2005a). Infant deaths per 1,000 live births International variation Source: Commonwealth Fund National Scorecard on U.S. Health System Performance, 20067

38. *Austria, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland had fewer than 20 deaths reported and therefore rates were not calculated. Youth violence Olympics—Homicide rates among youth aged 10-29 (most recent year available) from the World Health Organizations’ World Report on Violence and Health, 2002* Krug et. al. 2002

39. United Nations Human Development Report 2007 UN Human Development report 2007 Life Expectancy (years) - Top 30 Nations

40. http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/ The US spends more than 2 – 100x/ person on health care than other nations but with a lower life expectancy than most 1 st world nations.

41. GLOBAL Health: A Take Home Message is Sharing. The health of populations is determined mostly by how well that population’s resources are shared and early childhood is most important period.

42. You are here. How do you feel about it?