1. Fig. 52-2 Organismal ecology Population ecology Community ecology Ecosystem ecology Landscape ecology Global ecology

2. Introduction to Ecology Populations Population ecology – Abundance – Dynamics Density, dispersion, demographics, interrelationships with other populations

3. Population density The number of individuals per unit area or volume

4. Fig. 52-1a, p. 1128 (a) Random dispersion Pattern of dispersion Refers to how individuals are spaced relative to one another

5. Fig. 52-1b, p. 1128 (b) Clumped dispersion Pattern of dispersion Patchiness in resources Family groups Reduce risk of predation

6. Fig. 52-1c, p. 1128 (c) Uniform dispersion Pattern of dispersion Aggressive interactions Competition

7. Population dynamics 4 primary factors that influence population size – Births – Deaths – Immigration – Emigration How do these factors affect the rate at which populations change?

8. Fig. 53-3 Births Births and immigration add individuals to a population. Immigration Deaths and emigration remove individuals from a population. Deaths Emigration

9. Fig. 53-3 Births Births and immigration add individuals to a population. Immigration Deaths and emigration remove individuals from a population. Deaths Emigration

10. – The age at which reproduction begins – How often the organism reproduces – How many offspring are produced during each reproductive cycle evolutionary outcomes reflected in the development, physiology, and behavior of an organism – based on trade-offs Life History

11. Age (years) 204 8 6 10 1 1,000 100 Number of survivors (log scale) Males Females A survivorship curve is a graphic way of representing the data in a life table relatively constant death rate

12. Fig. 53-6 1,000 100 10 1 050100 II III Percentage of maximum life span Number of survivors (log scale) I

13. Fig. 53-9 (a) Dandelion (b) Coconut palm

14. Fig. 52-2, p. 1130 Number of bacteria (N) Hours Dynamics - Population growth r = unchecked population growth

15. Fig. 52-13, p. 1139 2006: 6.5 billion Human population (billions) Black Death Time (years)

16. Fig. 52-3, p. 1131 Carrying capacity of the environment (K) Number of individuals (N) Time

17. The Logistic Model and Life Histories Life history traits favored by natural selection may vary with population density and environmental conditions K-selection, or density-dependent selection, selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density r-selection, or density-independent selection, selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction

18. Density-dependent – Density of population alters the affect of an environmental condition Density-independent – Effect of an environmental factor is not affected by the density of a population Factors influencing population size

19. Density-dependent factors

20. Competition – interaction in which individuals try to use the same resource – Intraspecific – Interspecific Density-dependent factors

21. Density-independent factors

22. Metapopulations Environments are heterogeneous – Resources are patchy – Several small populations rather than 1 large Not all patches are equal – Less desirable may result in lower b or higher d – More productive may lead to higher b and lower d

23. Fig. 52-12, p. 1138