1. The Birth and Death of Stars

2. What are Stars? Stars are large balls of hot gas. Stars are large balls of hot gas. They look small because they are a long way away, but in fact many are bigger and brighter than the Sun. They look small because they are a long way away, but in fact many are bigger and brighter than the Sun. The heat of the star is made in the center by nuclear fusion reactions. The heat of the star is made in the center by nuclear fusion reactions. There are lots of different colors and s i z e s of stars. There are lots of different colors and s i z e s of stars.

3. The Birth and Death of Stars How are stars made? Stars are made (or “born”) in giant clouds of dust and gas. Stars are made (or “born”) in giant clouds of dust and gas. Sometimes part of the cloud shrinks because of gravity. Sometimes part of the cloud shrinks because of gravity. As it shrinks it becomes hotter and when it is hot enough, nuclear reactions can start in the centre….. As it shrinks it becomes hotter and when it is hot enough, nuclear reactions can start in the centre….. … and A Star is Born! … and A Star is Born!

4. The Birth and Death of Stars Watching stars being born The Bubble Nebula Here you can see the old dust and gas being blown away by the heat of the new star. Image from the Liverpool Telescope

5. The Birth and Death of Stars What happens next? Once nuclear fusion is producing heat in the center of the new star, this heats stops the rest of the star from collapsing. Once nuclear fusion is producing heat in the center of the new star, this heats stops the rest of the star from collapsing. The star then stays almost exactly the same for a long time (about 10 billion years for a star like the Sun). The star then stays almost exactly the same for a long time (about 10 billion years for a star like the Sun). The balance between gravity trying to make the star shrink and heat holding it up is called Thermodynamic Equilibrium. The balance between gravity trying to make the star shrink and heat holding it up is called Thermodynamic Equilibrium.

6. The Birth and Death of Stars The life of a star During its “life” a star will not change very much. During its “life” a star will not change very much. However, different stars are different colors, size and brightness. However, different stars are different colors, size and brightness. The bigger a star, the hotter and brighter it is. Hot stars are Blue. Smaller stars are less bright, cooler and Red. The bigger a star, the hotter and brighter it is. Hot stars are Blue. Smaller stars are less bright, cooler and Red. Because they are so hot, the bigger stars actually have shorter lives than the small, cool ones. Because they are so hot, the bigger stars actually have shorter lives than the small, cool ones.

7. The Birth and Death of Stars How does a star “die”? Eventually, the hydrogen (the“fuel” for the nuclear fusion) in the center of the star will run Eventually, the hydrogen (the“fuel” for the nuclear fusion) in the center of the star will runout. No new heat is made and No new heat is made and gravity will take over and the center of the star will shrink. This makes the very outside This makes the very outside of the star “float up” and cool down, making the star look much bigger and redder-a Red Giant star. Antares – a Red Giant

8. The Birth and Death of Stars The second Red Giant stage As the center collapses, it becomes very hot again, eventually getting hot enough to start a new kind of nuclear fusion with Helium as the fuel. As the center collapses, it becomes very hot again, eventually getting hot enough to start a new kind of nuclear fusion with Helium as the fuel. Then the Red Giant shrinks and the star looks “normal” again. Then the Red Giant shrinks and the star looks “normal” again. This does not last very long, though, as the Helium runs out very quickly and again the star forms a Red Giant. This does not last very long, though, as the Helium runs out very quickly and again the star forms a Red Giant.

9. The Birth and Death of Stars The end of a Sun-like star For a star like the Sun, no more nuclear fusion can take place, so the center of the star will then keep collapsing. For a star like the Sun, no more nuclear fusion can take place, so the center of the star will then keep collapsing. Eventually it can become almost as small as the Earth, but with the same mass as a whole star! This very dense object is called a White Dwarf. A piece of White Dwarf the size of a mobile phone would weigh as much as an elephant on the Earth! Simulation of the Death of the Sun

10. The Birth and Death of Stars The end of a Sun-like star The outer parts of the star (that formed the Red Giant) then drift off into space and cool down making a Planetary Nebula. The outer parts of the star (that formed the Red Giant) then drift off into space and cool down making a Planetary Nebula. Planetary nebulae have nothing to do with planets, of course, they just look a bit like them in small telescopes! Planetary nebulae have nothing to do with planets, of course, they just look a bit like them in small telescopes! Here you can see a planetary nebula called M57 with its White Dwarf in the middle. Here you can see a planetary nebula called M57 with its White Dwarf in the middle. Image from the Liverpool Telescope

11. The Birth and Death of Stars The end of a massive star For more massive (bigger) stars than the Sun, many more types of nuclear fusion can take place. For more massive (bigger) stars than the Sun, many more types of nuclear fusion can take place. This means several more Red Giant stages. This means several more Red Giant stages. However, eventually even the biggest stars run out of fuel and finally collapse. For the biggest stars, this collapse causes a huge explosion called a Supernova! A Supernova can be brighter than an entire galaxy of 100,000,000,000 stars! Simulation of the Death of the massive Star

12. The Birth and Death of Stars What is left after a Supernova? Because the star was so big, the collapse does not stop even with a White Dwarf, but an even more dense object called a Neutron Star is made. Because the star was so big, the collapse does not stop even with a White Dwarf, but an even more dense object called a Neutron Star is made. The density of a Neutron star is about 1x10 18 kg/m 3 (that is 1,000,000,000,000,000,000!) The density of a Neutron star is about 1x10 18 kg/m 3 (that is 1,000,000,000,000,000,000!) Sometimes the collapse cannot stop at all and a Black Hole is made, from which not even light can escape! Sometimes the collapse cannot stop at all and a Black Hole is made, from which not even light can escape! The debris of the explosion is blown away and forms a glowing cloud called a Supernova Remnant. The debris of the explosion is blown away and forms a glowing cloud called a Supernova Remnant.

13. The Birth and Death of Stars The Crab Supernova Remnant Image from the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope

14. The Birth and Death of Stars Birth and Death of Stars - Summary Stars form in clouds of gas. Heat from nuclear fusion and gravity balance. When the hydrogen fuel runs out, a Red Giant is formed. For Sun-like stars, a White Dwarf and Planetary Nebula are left. For massive stars, a Supernova explosion leaves behind a Supernova Remnant and a Neutron Star or perhaps even a Black Hole.

15. The Birth and Death of Stars Birth and Death of Stars - Summary Collapsing cloud A new star Red Giant Massive stars White Dwarf and Planetary Nebula Supernova Remnant and Neutron Star Sun-like stars