1. The Synthesis Essay

2. What is the synthesis essay? o You will have an introduction to and a description of an issue that has varying viewpoints associated with it. o There will be a selection of sources included that address the topic. o After carefully reading and annotating the sources, you will respond to the given prompt with an essay that incorporates and synthesizes at least THREE of the sources in support of your position on the topic.

3. What is the PURPOSE of the synthesis essay? o The College Board wants to determine how well you can do the following: o Read critically o Understand texts o Analyze texts o Develop a position on a given topic o Support a position on a given topic o Support a position with appropriate evidence from outside sources o Incorporate outside sources into the texts of the essay o Cite sources used in the essay

4. What kinds of synthesis essays can you expect? 1. The expository synthesis essay: Develop your thesis and support it with specific examples from appropriate sources by compare and contrast, cause and effect, or analysis. 2. The argument synthesis essay: Take a position on a particular topic and support this position with appropriate outside sources, while indicating the weaknesses of other viewpoints. (This is the most common type of synthesis essay seen on the AP exam.)

5. Warning! o Do NOT be put off by the length and/or complexity of the introduction to the subject and the prompt. o Remember, you are the one who will choose your position on the topic. o You are the one who chooses which sources to incorporate into your essay. o YOU CAN DO THIS! As long as you ADDRESS THE PROMPT AND INCORPORATE AND CITE THE REQUIRED NUMBER OF SOURCES!

6. How is the synthesis essay scored? o A 9 essay effectively and cohesively addresses the prompt. It clearly takes a position on the given topic and supports the claim using carefully integrated and appropriate evidence, including at least three of the given sources. The essay will also show the writer’s ability to control language. The writing style is especially impressive, as is the analysis and integration of the specifics related to the given topic and given sources.

7. Timing and Planning the Synthesis Essay o Wisely use the allotted, prewriting 15 minutes of reading time: o Read ALL three of the prompts o Deconstruct the synthesis prompt o Read and annotate each of the given texts related to the synthesis prompt o Decide how you will address the synthesis prompt o Be aware of the timing of writing your essays!

8. Suggested timeline for the synthesis essay: o 5 to 6 minutes going back to the texts and deciding which you will use in your essay o 8 to 10 minutes planning the support of your position o 20 minutes writing the essay o 3 to 4 minutes checking to make certain you’ve included at least the minimum number of sources and correctly cited each of them o 3 minutes proofreading

9. Use the handout to do the following – STEP BY STEP – do not move ahead, please. o Carefully read the introductory material provided. o Deconstruct the prompt by underlining important words, phrases, and other information that makes your writing task clear. Compare your marking with mine. What do we know now? A debate is centering around private property rights and public use for the greater good. We know the U.S. Supreme Court recently handed down a ruling supporting the principle of eminent domain, and we know we must take a position on this debate. And, lastly we know we must choose at least three of the seven given sources.

10. Use the handout to do the following – STEP BY STEP – do not move ahead, please. o Carefully read the introductory material provided. o Deconstruct the prompt by underlining important words, phrases, and other information that makes your writing task clear. Compare your marking with mine. Everything I did not underline is not essential to the assignment. Now, read the sources and annotate them as you read (mark important passages, write notes in the margins). I will give you 15 minutes to do this. If you finish early, begin planning your essay.

11. What do we know now? We now know a debate is centering around private property rights and public use for the greater good. We know the U.S. Supreme court recently handed down a ruling supporting the principle of eminent domain, and We know we must take a position on this debate. And, lastly, we know we must choose at least three of the seven given sources.

12. Now what? o Before beginning the actual writing, jot down a few notes about HOW you are going to present your material. o There is no need to construct a formal outline. Simple create a brief listing of the major points you want to include and the order in which you will present them. o Choose the sources you plan to use. o Write your introductory paragraph NOW: o Refer to the prompt/introduction in your opening paragraph. o Clearly state your position on the given topic. o I’ll give you seven minutes to do this

13. Look at your opening introductory paragraph. o Underline where you’ve introduced the subject and its context. o Squiggly underline your position on the issue. o What did you do that makes your introduction especially good? o Look at the samples—all three introduce the subject and its context, as well as clearly indicate the writer’s position

14. Sample A: Payday. As usual, the line at the bank drive- thru is a mile long, so Joe citizen just sits and listens to the radio. This paycheck is especially important to him because it is the final payment on his castle—his home. Mr. Citizen has a family waiting back at home for him. Even his dog will be happy to see Joe walk through the door. What Joe citizen and his family don’t know is this: waiting for Joe is a notice from his local government, a letter notifying him that his home and property are being taken, using the right of eminent domain. One has to ask, “Is this fair?” No, it is not.

15. Sample B: Every time my grandparents visit, I have to vacate my bedroom, so they can have a room of their own during their visit. It’s always a painful few days because I am locked out of the room that I have decorated, the room that holds all my things; it is the room that is “mine.” As my mother always says, “It is for the good of the family.” But, no matter how much I feel deprived, I always know I will have it back in a few days. However, the results would be different if she applied the principal of “eminent domain.” I would lose my room permanently, and it would be turned into a real guest room. I would not be a happy family member.

16. Sample C: Today there is a wide-ranging debate about the individual’s right to possess and protect his private property and the right of the government to seize a person’s home and land needed for redevelopment that would benefit the entire community. Even though the principle of eminent domain is granted to the government in the U.S. Constitution’s Fifth Amendment, it should be used only in the most extreme circumstances.

17. What’s next? o Plan the body of your synthesis essay. o Make a list of points to make and the source that helps you support it. o For example: o The Kelo decision + the Fifth Amendment = right of eminent domain. Empathize with private property owners. o 60 Minutes interview to support negative idea of what happens when eminent domain takes private property. o Use Washington Times survey to support my position to oppose this type of use of the eminent domain.

18. Write your body paragraphs NOW. o I will give you 20 minutes to do this.

19. Sample B Body Paragraph: Because of this experience, I can empathize with the home owners affected by the recent 5:4 Supreme Court decision Kelo v. New London that cited a section of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that states, “nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation” (Source A). The Court ruled that New London, Connecticut, was within its constitutional rights to take private property and give it to another private individual in order to further the economic development of the city (Source C). Transition to the opening paragraph States empathy, summarizes both the case and the Fifth Amendment Properly cites the sources

20. Sample B 2 nd Body Paragraph: Contrary to what the Court sees as “permissible public use” (Source C), I believe that a government taking a person’s home or business away and allowing another private individual or company to take it over goes against the idea of our private property rights. A good example of this is the situation in Lakewood, Ohio, where the mayor wants to condemn a retired couple’s home in order to make way for a privately owned, high-end condominium and shopping mall. As Jim Salect said in his interview with 60 Minutes, “The bottom line is this is morally wrong … This is our home... We’re not blighted. This is a close-knit, beautiful neighborhood” (Source B). The Salects who have paid off their mortgage should be allowed to remain there as long as they want and pass it on to their children. Here, individual rights should prevail. Transition by repeating a phrase from the previous paragraph Maintains the personal with I. Backs up personal position with the 60 Minutes interview. Properly cites the sources

21. Sample B 3rd Body Paragraph: However, I must also take into consideration the need for cities and states to improve troubled urban areas and clear blighted sections with new construction, tax revenues, and jobs (Source E). If governments are blocked from arranging for needed improvements and income, decline of cities and other areas could result. For example, the mayor of Lakewood, Ohio, Madeleine Cain, claims that the city cannot make it without more tax money coming in. As she sees it, Lakewood needs more money to provide required services. “This is about Lakewood’s future. Lake wood cannot survive without a strengthened tax base,” Mayor Cain told 60 Minutes (Source B). Here, it sounds like the greater good should prevail. Transitions to ambivalent by use of However. Uses both the Broder source and the mayor’s words from 60 Minutes to illustrate and support the qualifying position. Properly cites the sources

22. And now? o Write the conclusion o ATTENTION! Avoid final paragraphs that are merely summaries. This is not a lengthy, complicated presentation. Your reader can remember what you’ve said in the previous paragraphs! o Example of a conclusion for our previous examples: Ultimately, I have to agree with the large majority of people who responded to recent polls conducted by both the Washington Times and CNN. When asked if local governments should be able to take over private homes and businesses, over 60% said “no” (Source G). But, I will have to be open to the possibility that public use and the greater good may, in some cases, be the only viable solution to a complicated problem.

23. Write your conclusion NOW. I will give you 10 minutes to do this.