1. BECOMING HUMAN PART 1 NOVA

2. Early Hominoid – Where to Look? Rift Valley of East Africa Southern Africa 3 Major Groups Pre-australopiths (7-4.4mya) Australopiths (4.2- 1 mya) Early Homo (2.4 – 1.4)

3. How far back? 7 – 8 million years 70% of our history resides in Africa Extensive changes in the last 10 years 1992 3-4 million 1998 4.4 2000 6 2003 7 million

4. Lucy 3.7 –3.5 mya Don Johanson Dicovered in Hadar in 1974 Lucy in combination w/ Leakey footprints tell us about locomotion and stature Lucy 40% of skeleton, one of three most complete, Pre-100,000 Accurate Dates due to Volcanic Ash layers

5. Laetoli (Ash Footprints) Discovered in 1978

6. 1. Convergent Big Toe 2. Clearly Bipedal 3. Arch 4. Slow Moving “Strol” 5. Short Stride Laetoli (Ash Footprints)

7. Chapter 9 The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo erectus and Contemporaries

9. Left: Homo Erectus (1mya) Center: Australopithicus afarensis (2.5mya) Right: Homo Neandertalensis (100,000-32,000ya)

11. BECOMING HUMAN PART II NOVA

12. First Dispersal of the Hominins Close to 2 million years ago, hominins expanded out of Africa into other areas of the Old World. Since the early hominin fossils have been found only in Africa, it seems that hominins were restricted to this continent for as long as 5 million years.

13. First Dispersal of the Hominins After 2 mya, there’s less diversity in these hominins than in their pre-australopith and australopith predecessors. There is universal agreement that the hominins found outside of Africa are members of genus Homo. Homo erectus is the species for which there is the most evidence.

14. Homo erectus – A New Kind of Hominin The first hominin to expand into new regions of the Old World. As a species, H. erectus existed over 1 million years. We can understand its success as a hominid species based on behavioral capacities (i.e.) more elaborate tool use) and physical changes (i.e. larger).

15. Acheulian Biface  Acheulean tools are typically found with Homo erectus remains.  Lower to Middle Pleistocene A basic tool of the Acheulian tradition. Acheulian tool kits are common in Africa, southwest Asia, and western Europe, but they’re thought to be less common elsewhere.

16. Homo erectus Discoveries from East Africa have established Homo erectus by 1.8 m.y.a. Some researchers see anatomical differences between the African and Asian discoveries. – They place African fossils into the Homo ergaster species. Analyses show that H. erectus/ergaster represents closely related species and possibly geographical varieties of a single species

17. Grade H.erectus hominins represent a different grade of evolution than their African predecessors. Grade refers to a grouping of organisms sharing a similar adaptive pattern. Grade implies nothing directly about shared ancestry, but implies general adaptive aspects of a group of animals

18. Morphology of Homo erectus Living in different environments over much of the Old World, H. erectus populations shared several common physical traits including…

19. Body Size Adult weight >100 lbs, average adult height of ca. 5 feet 6 inches Sexually dimorphic, weight and height varied according to sex Increased robusticity (heavily built body) that dominated hominin evolution until anatomically modern H. sapiens