1. Peppered Moth Evolution
Melanism

3. Answer on a separate sheet
What are the two types of peppered moths?
What color were most peppered moths originally?
What changed in the environment of the peppered moth? What caused this change?
After the change in environment, which color was a positive adaptation?
What is melanism?
Why did the birds eat the light colored moths more than the dark colored moths?
How does the peppered moth support the theory of evolution?

4. Peppered Moth Activity
Pick a spot in the room to camouflage your moth
Color the moth to blend in to the room
6 points for one color
7 points for 2 colors
8 points for 3 colors
Put the moth in the correct spot to camouflage it.
You will receive 2 points if it is not found and 0 points if it is found

5. Evolution

6. What is evolution?
The process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
Changes that are beneficial (adaptations) are passed on to offspring
Goal of all living things: pass genes on to another generation
Good adaptations increase fitness
Bad adaptations – what happens?

7. Charles Darwin Theory of evolution by natural selection
Voyage on the Beagle
Galapagos Islands
On the origin of species…

8. Voyage of the Beagle Charles Darwin Born in England, 1809
Boarded the Beagle in 1831 for it’s journey around the world

9. The Voyage of the Beagle

10. Darwin’s Observations – Evolution by Natural Selection
Patterns of Diversity
Darwin noticed that organisms living in different habitats and environments had very different traits
And…similar environments had organisms with similar traits
Struggle for existence – species compete for resources

11. Darwin’s Observations – Evolution by Natural Selection
Descent with modification – new species descend (come from) other species with changes (modifications)
Survival of the fittest – the fittest organisms will live and pass their genes on to a new generation

12. Evolution by Natural Selection
Darwin used his observations to come up with the theory of evolution by natural selection
The environment will determine which organisms will live or die
Pass their genes on to a new generation
Determined by adaptations – traits of an organism

13. Adaptations Darwin looked at the finches on the Galapagos Islands
Noticed beak shape differed
Why would the beak shape be different?

14. Adaptations Darwin looked at the finches on the Galapagos Islands
Noticed beak shape differed
Why would the beak shape be different?
Diet
Habitat
Defense mechanism

16. Evolution
Fitness: ability of an organism to survive and reproduce viable offspring
Viable offspring are offspring that can survive and reproduce
Adaptation: characteristic in an organism that increases fitness

17. Natural Selection vs. Artificial Selection
Natural Selection: environment chooses which traits are beneficial and will increase fitness
Artificial selection: humans choose which traits are beneficial
Examples: breeding dogs

18. Battle of the Beaks Class Totals
Paper Clips
Macaroni
Rubber Bands
Toothpicks
Scissors
Plastic Spoons
Clothes Pins
Binder Clips

19. Evidence for Evolution

20. Evidence for Evolution
Fossils
Geographic distribution
Homologous body structures
Vestigial organs
Similarities in embryology

21. Fossils Fossils: remains of ancient life
Shows progression from ancient to modern

22. Fossil Record: Determining Age
Radioactive Dating: use element’s half-life to determine age of fossil
Half life: how long it takes for half of the element to decay or disappear from the fossil
Relative Dating: look at which layer of rock the fossil was found in to compare age to other fossils around it

23. Geographic Distribution
Animals living in similar environments have similar anatomies and behaviors
Showed that evolution in similar environments caused certain traits to be chosen as beneficial
Each animal experienced descent with modification from common ancestors

24. Homologous Body Structures
Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissue
Limbs of reptiles, birds, mammals (arms, wings, legs, flippers) all come from the same basic bones

25. Homologous Limbs

26. Homologous Limbs

27. Vestigial organs Traces of homologous organs in other species
Organs are not necessary for survival
May resemble miniature legs, tails or other structures
Examples in humans:
Tail bone
Appendix

28. Similarities in Embryology
Embryology: study of embryos, development before birth, hatching
Development in vertebrates is extremely similar
Common tissues and developmental patterns

30. Calf, chick, fish, hog, human, rabbit, salamander, tortoise

31. Calf, chick, fish, hog, human, rabbit, salamander, tortoise

32. Calf, chick, fish, hog, human, rabbit, salamander, tortoise

34. Human Evolution

35. Human Evolution Hominids – “great apes” Over time, organisms changed
Human ancestors AND humans belong to this group
Similarities in body structures, DNA, development
Over time, organisms changed

36. Human Evolution

37. Human Evolution
As human ancestors moved from location to location, traits were deemed beneficial or not
Different traits, different environments caused changes in humans and our ancestors over time

38. Human Cladogram