1. Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Resources

2. Non-Renewable Resources
Material or energy source that cannot be replaced in a human lifespan.

3. Earth’s Minerals
Metallic elements are very important to the earth’s economy.
Elements are extracted from the rocks where they are found.
Ore- rock with enough of a metallic element to be used.
Ore mineral- the metallic element being removed from the ore.

4. Ore Extraction 3 methods of extracting ores
Pyrometallurgy- ore is heated in order to extract minerals. Oldest method
Electormetallurgy- use electricity to extract minerals. Used to make steel and other high purity metals.
Hydrometallurgy- reactants are used in a water solution to extract minerals. Expensive, used for small amounts of minerals

5. Use of Minerals
U.S. is one of the largest consumers of the earth’s minerals
World’s reserves could be used up in the next 60 years if we continue at this rate.
** What are some common uses of metals and non-metal elements?**

6. Fossil Fuels Formed from remains of living organisms.
Petroleum, coal, and natural gas.
Energy is released by burning fuel.
In US coal is used primarily in electrical power plants.

7. Coal Formation Composed of carbon
Buried under sand or clay and decay slowly over time.
Lose H2O and form into peat, then lignite, and finally coal.

8. Stages of Coal Formation
Peat is first stage- plant parts recognizable, 50% carbon.
Lignite is 2nd stage- more compressed, 70% carbon, soft and brown
Bituminous is 3rd stage- 85% carbon, soft coal
Anthracite is final stage- hard coal, >90% carbon. Clean burning.

9. Coal Formation

10. Mining Coal
Underground
2 types
Room and pillar method
Longwall method

11. Room and Pillar Method

12. Room and pillar Most common method
rooms are feet wide and the pillars up to 100 feet wide
Once they hit the end of a corridor start retreat mining
In retreat mining, the workers mine as much coal as possible from the remaining pillars until the roof falls in. 12

13. Longwall Mining

14. Longwall Mining Coal is removed allowing ceiling to collapse.
Yields more coal but causes more damage to the surface.

15. Surface Mining Strip Mining- coal is removed from the surface.
Causes damage to earth’s surface and increases erosion.

16. Acid Mine Drainage Pyrite is exposed PbS2
Reaction with air form sulfuric acid H2SO4
Seeps into water
Lowers pH
Major source of Pa pollution

17. Petroleum and Natural Gas
Remains of plants, bacteria, and algae.
Liquid and gas form when more organic material is produced then destroyed.
Form in source rocks and migrate to reservoir rocks.

18. Oil formation

19. Natural Gas Fracking- Hydraulic fracturing
Process of pumping millions of gallons of water and sand underground to fracture rock and allow natural gas to escape.
Very controversial due to impact on the environment.

21. Renewable Resources
Any material or energy source that cycles or can be replaced within the period of a human life span.
Ex.- crops, soil, wind, water, sunlight, organic matter and geothermal energy

22. Food and Fiber Crops are renewable
Includes livestock
If resources used faster then re-growth they will become depleted.

23. Renewable Resources
In groups you will investigate the value and disadvantages of the following types of renewable resources:
Wind power, hydropower, biomass, solar, geothermal, nuclear and hydrogen fuel.