1. 1 Conventional “Nonrenewable” Energy

2. 2 Evaluating Energy Resources U.S. has 4.6% of world population; uses 24% of the world’s energy;  84% from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal, & natural gas);  7% from nuclear power;  9% from renewable sources (hydropower, geothermal, solar, biomass).

3. 3 Changes in U.S. Energy Use www.bio.www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt www.bio.

4. 4 Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium www.bio.www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

5. 5 Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels originated from the decay of living organisms millions of years ago The fossil fuels used in energy generation are:  Natural gas, which is 70 - 80% methane (CH 4 )  Petroleum  Coal www.www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

6. 6 Problems with Fossil Fuels Nonrenewable resources Impurities = major source of pollution Produce large amounts of CO 2 www.www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

7. 7 COAL Coal-fossilized plant material preserved in sediments, compacted and condensed over time to create a solid fossil fuel  Made up of: - Carbon - Water, sulfur, mercury and small amounts of radioactive materials  As coal ages, carbon ↑ while water ↓  Carboniferous period (286 million to 360 million years ago).

8. 8 Types of Coal Peat  Partially decayed organic matter in swamps and bogs Lignite (4000 BTU/lb)  Soft, brownish-black coal  Low quality of coal Subbituminous (8,300 BTU/lb.)  Black lignite Bituminous (10,500 Btu / lb.)  Dense and black  Most common coal  “soft coal” Anthracite (14,000 Btu/lb)  98% carbon (less common and more expensive)  “hard coal”

9. 9PEATLIGNITE garnero101.garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt garnero101.

10. 10 BITUMINOUS ANTHRACITE garnero101.garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt garnero101.

11. 11 Main Coal Deposits

12. 12 Pros and Cons of Coal Pros:  Most abundant fossil fuel  Major U.S. reserves  High net energy yield Cons:  High environmental impact - Severe land disturbance in mining  High carbon dioxide (dirtiest fuel)  Sulfur is released primarily as sulfur dioxide  Releases radioactive particles and toxic metals into the atmosphere

13. 13 Cons of Coal Cont.  Negative impact on miners - Death  Between 1870 and 1950, more than 30,000 coal miners died of accidents and injuries in Pennsylvania alone. - Black Lung Disease - Inflammation and fibrosis caused by accumulation of coal dust in the lungs or airways. - Several thousands have died of respiratory diseases.

14. 14 Mining 2 types of mining  Strip-Mining or Open Pit Mining - Topsoil and vegetation is removed - Negative impacts  Air quality issues regarding dust  Large amounts of waste material involved  Habitats destroyed/Soil is dumped back to where it was  Toxic runoff

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16. 16 Mining Underground Mining-large shafts dug into the earth  Less surface destruction and waste rock produced  Extremely Dangerous - Gas - Inhaling Particulate Matter - Tunnel Collapse - Acid mine drainage

17. 17 Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) Acid mine drainage-water containing iron and sulfate that contaminates surface and or groundwater  May also contain manganese and aluminum  AMD comes from oxidation of pyrite, the crystalline form of iron sulfide - contaminated water is often reddish-brown in color, indicating high levels of oxidized iron

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19. 19 Restoration Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977) requires better restoration of strip-mined lands, especially if land classed as prime farmland.  Difficult and expensive. - Minimum reclamation costs about $1,000 / acre while complete restoration may cost $5,000 / acre.  50% of U.S. coal is strip mined.

20. 20 Oil Decomposition of deeply buried organic matter from plants & animals  Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities Trapped within the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling a well

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22. 22 Sources of Oil Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) -- 13 countries have 67% world reserves: Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, & Venezuela Other important producers: Alaska, Siberia, & Mexico. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

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24. 24 Oil in North America 2.3% of world reserves uses nearly 30% of world reserves; 65% for transportation; increasing dependence on imports. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

25. 25 Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged / prevented improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies favoring renewable resources. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc10 1/Chapter14&1 5.ppt

26. 26 Oil Drilling Causes only moderate damage to earth’s land - Oil companies extract oil in fragile environments (Artic tundra/Alaska) Transported to a refinery where it is heated and distilled to separate the components How Oil Drilling Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D. How Oil Drilling Works

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28. 28 Oil Sands Mixture of roughly 90% sand, clay and water and 10% bitumen, a thick hydrocarbon liquid  Extract oil from tar sands by injecting hot steam, which heats the sands and makes the tar less viscous so that it can be pumped out - the bitumen can be purified and refined into synthetic crude oil. WHERE: Alberta, Canada, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela and the Middle East Keystone Pipeline

29. 29 www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

30. 30 Natural Gas - Fossil Fuel Mixture 50–90% Methane (CH 4 ) Ethane (C 2 H 6 ) Propane (C 3 H 8 ) Butane (C 4 H 10 ) Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

31. 31 Sources of Natural Gas Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply. Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%); www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

32. 32 billion cubic metres

33. 33 Natural Gas Experts predict increased use of natural gas during this century

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35. 35 Hydraulic Fracking Wells drilled Fluids are pumped at high pressure causing fissures in shale  made up of water, chemical, and sand additives - Sand keeps the fractures from closing Gas flows up the well When fracking is completed, injected fracturing fluids rise to the surface

36. 36 www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

37. 37 Nuclear Energy Most commonly used fuel is U 235 - Formed in cylindrical pellets (1.5 cm long) and stacked in hollow metal rods (4 m long). Mined through open pit or underground  Low uranium content in ore-large amounts have to be mined - Large amounts of waste rock

38. 38 How Do Nuclear Reactors Work? Nuclear Fission Chain Reactor-neutrons strike U- 235 releasing energy and more neutrons.  Triggers nuclear chain reaction.  Heats water that produce high-pressure steam that turns turbines-generates electricity.

39. 39 Nuclear Fission

40. 40 Parts of a Nuclear Reactor Core-contains 35-50,000 long thin fuel rods packed with U 235  Each pellet contains the energy equivalent of 1 ton of coal) Control rods-absorb neutrons and controls reaction rate  Raising and lowering the control rods into the reactor regulates the amount of heat produced Moderator-reduces velocity of fast moving neutrons  Water, graphite Coolant-(water) circulates through the reactor’s core to remove heat to keep fuel rods from melting

41. 41 PWR

42. 42 Radioactive Waste Radioactive Waste Disposal High level wastes-used fuel rods, control rods, water used to cool and control chain reactions Medium to low level wastes-mine wastes, contaminated protective clothes of a power plant worker

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44. 44 Three Mile Island March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA lost coolant water because of mechanical and human errors and suffered a partial meltdown 50,000 people evacuated & another 50,000 fled area Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released Partial cleanup & damages cost $1.2 billion Released radiation increased cancer rates. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

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46. 46 Chernobyl April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) with a severe release of radioactivity No containment vessels Plume of radioactivity drifted over extensive parts of western Europe and 336,000 people were resettled ~160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated > Half million people exposed to dangerous levels of radioactivity Cost of incident > $358 billion www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

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48. 48 Japan: Tokyo Electric Power Company's (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi 3/11/11: 9.0 earthquake caused tsunami that went over seawalls and flooded generators  Generators died which stopped the coolant pumps  Temperature rose above 2200ºF caused several explosions  Pumped sea water mixed with boron into the containment vessels Residents living within 20 kilometers of the plant are told to evacuate the area after first explosions. Estimated cost of damage from the earthquake and tsunami to top $300 billion, making it the world's costliest natural disaster.

49. 49 Use of Nuclear Energy Some countries (France, Japan) investing increasingly France 58 reactors supply 75% energy Japan 54 reactors supply 29% of energy U.S. 104 reactors supply 20% energy 1996 last new reactor opened Cost today: ~$10 billion 71,862 tons of the waste and no permanent place to store it all. ¾ of waste stored in water-filled cooling pools stored inside concrete containment barriers ¼ waste is encased in "dry casks" constructed of steel and thick concrete. Yucca Mountain in Nevada www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

50. 50 Nuclear Power Plants in U.S. cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

51. 51 Energy Units and Use Btu (British thermal unit) - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 ºF. cal (calorie) - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 ºC. Commonly, kilocalorie (kcal) is used. 1 Btu = 252 cal = 0.252 kcal 1 Btu = 1055 J (joule) = 1.055 kJ 1 cal = 4.184 J www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

52. 52 Units of power: Units of power: 1 watt (W) = 3.412 Btu / hour 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used only to describe electrical energy. Usually we use kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger. Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used only to describe electrical energy. Usually we use kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger. Energy Units and Use www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt