1. Rock Cycle Magma- Molten rock below the surface of the Earth Lava- Molten rock above the Earth’s surface Crystallization- When magma cools and forms igneous rock

2. Rock Cycle Weathering- When rock is broken down into smaller particles –Forms small particles called sediment

3. Rock Cycle Lithification- Conversion into rock from sediment Metamorphism- Conversion of sedimentary rock to metamorphic rock through heat and pressure

4. Rock cycle Melting- Conversion of rock back into magma

5. Rock Cycle

6. Types of Rock Igneous rock- Rock formed directly from cooling magma –Extrusive rock- Rock formed outside of the surface of the Earth- Basalt –Intrusive rock- Formed within the Earth- Granite

7. Classifying Igneous Rock Texture- Size and arrangement of crystals –Slow cooling rock- Larger crystals –Fast cooling rock- Smaller crystals

8. Classifying Igneous Rock –Coarse grained texture- Intergrown crystals of equal size Granite –Porphyritic texture- Large crystals imbedded in smaller crystals

9. Classifying Igneous Rock Glassy- Smooth, even texture similar to glass –Obsidian

10. Mineral composition Different minerals crystallize at different temperatures and will form rocks with varying mineral composition

11. Bowen Reaction Series Outlines the order of crystallization of different minerals in the magma of the Earth

13. Naming Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks are named for the texture and mineral composition of the rock

14. Sedimentary Rocks Sediments are turned to rock by compaction and cementation

15. Sedimentary Rock Erosion- When natural forces loosen and carry away fragments of rocks Deposition- When sediment settles out of water or wind to form a layer of sediment

16. Sedimentary Rock Compaction- Particles moving closer together by the weight of other sediment on top Cementation- “gluing” of sediment by minerals deposited by ground water

17. Types of Sedimentary Rock Detrital/ Clastic- Rock formed from solid particles of weathered rock Chemical - Precipitates of chemically eroded sediment Organic- Sedimentary rock made up of once living things

18. Detrital Sedimentary Rock Made of various size particle –Geologists use sediment size when classifying detrital sedimentary rock

19. Detrital Sedimentary Rock Boulder> 256 mm Cobble= 64-256 mm Pebble= 4-64 mm granule= 2-4 mm Sand = 1/16-2 mm Silt= 1/256 - 1/16 Clay= 1/256

20. Chemical Sedimentary Rock When substances dissolved in water are deposited through evaporation, precipitation, or chemical conversion from substance to another

21. Chemical Sedimentary Rock Evaporites- Rock deposited by evaporation- Salt –Rock Salt is used to make glass, paper, soap and dairy products Heat and pressure- Organic matter that is transformed- Coal

22. Organic Coal- Rock made from compressed and heated plant an animal material Limestone- Rock made from shells of once living organisms

23. Coal Formation Peat- partially altered plant material- Low energy Lignite- Soft brown coal- Moderate energy Bituminous coal- Soft black coal- High energy Anthracite- Hard, black coal- High energy

24. Features of Sediment Deposited in strata or beds- Layers of rock laid down at separate times and lithified into rock

25. Features of Sedimentary Rock Contain fossils of ancient organisms Contain records of the types of life, climate, and conditions in an area at certain times in history

26. Types of sedimentary rock Sandstone- Compressed sand Shale- Compressed swamp or bog organic material Conglomerate- Rock formed from stream bed material Coquina- Formed from shell material near the ocean

27. Coral Reefs Skeletons of coral that build up to form a reef in shallow warm seas. Skeletons build up on one another as corals die and other corals build on top of them.

28. Coral Reefs Atoll- A ring shaped coral reef that forms around a volcanic island far from land.

29. Limestone from coral reefs As coral reefs build the old coral becomes limestone which over millions of years uplift to form continental limestone

30. Metamorphic Rock Rock that has been changed as a result of heat and pressure from one rock form to another

31. Metamorphic Rock Can be derived from igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rock

32. Metamorphism Low grade- Slight changes occur in the rock High grade- Massive changes occur

33. Types of Metamorphism Regional metamorphism- Occurs over a large area during mountain building or other High energy situation

34. Types of Metamorphism Contact metamorphism- When rock comes in contact with magma and is sub sequentially changed into another form.

35. Classifying metamorphic rock Foliated- Fine grained, cleaves easily- Slate –Schists- Strongly foliated –Gneiss- Banded foliated rock

36. Classifying metamorphic rock Nonfoliated Rock- Interlocking crystals –Marble- Metamorphosis of limestone –Quartzite- Metamorphosis of quartz crystals