1. Page 1 NANOROBOTS BioNano Machines A Painless Recovery From Disease Muhammad Asghar Khan qamasghar@gmail.com

2. Page 2 A Vision of Future Medicine 21st century set the stage for a shift a future molecular technologic medicine NanoroboticsNanorobotics an area pioneered by Robert Freitas in numerous books NanoPubls". Rfreitas.com. Retrieved 2010-09-05. NanoPubls" Comprehensive Nanorobotic Control of Human Morbidity Nanomedicine (Freitas 1999, 2003) will involve designing and building a vast proliferation of incredibly efficacious molecular devices, and then deploying these devices in patients to establish and maintain a continuous state of human healthiness

3. Page 3 Fundamentals of Medical Nanorobotics Molecular motors consisting of just 50–100 atoms have been demonstrated experimentally. Published discussions of technical issues of specific relevance to medical nanorobots include proposed methods for recognizing, sorting and pumping individual molecules (Drexler 1992a; Freitas 1999b), and theoretical designs for mechanical nanorobot sensors (Freitas 1999c), flexible hull surfaces (Freitas 1999d), power sources (Freitas 1999e), communications systems (Freitas 1999f), navigation systems (Freitas 1999g), manipulator mechanisms (Freitas 1999h), mobility mechanisms for travel through bloodstream, tissues and cells (Freitas 1999i), onboard clocks (Freitas 1999j), and nanocomputers (Drexler 1992b; Freitas 1999k), along with the full panoply of nanorobot biocompatibility issues (Freitas 2003)

4. Page 4 Nanobearings and Nanogears Exploded view of a 2808-atom strained-shell sleeve bearing (Drexler 1992f). Image courtesy of K. Eric Drexler. ©1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc

5. Page 5 End-, side-, and exploded-view of a 3557-atom planetary gear (Drexler 1992g). Image courtesy of K. Eric Drexler. ©1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc

6. Page 6 Nanomotors, Nanopumps, and Power Sources Side views of a 6165-atom neon gas pump/motor (Drexler and Merkle, 1996). © Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (www.imm.org).

7. Page 7 Two motorized nanocars are shown on a gold surface wheels made of p-carborane (spherical molecules of carbon, hydrogen and boron

8. Page 8 The nanocar’s light-powered motor is attached mid-chassis; when struck by light, it rotates in one direction, pushing the car along like a paddlewheel

9. Page 9 Nanorobots working inside the body could most conveniently be powered by ambient glucose and oxygen found in the blood and tissues, which could be converted to mechanical energy using a nanoengine (Freitas 1999aq) or to electrical energy using a nanoscale fuel cell (Freitas 1999ar) The first glucose-oxygen fuel cell was demonstrated experimentally by Nishizawa’s group (Satoa et al. 2005) in 2005, who used a Vitamin K3-immobilized polymer with glucose dehydrogenase Harvesting mechanical energy from ultrasonic acoustic waves in the environment was demonstrated by Wang et al. (Wang et al. 2007).

10. Page 10 Individual sorting rotor and (b) a sorting rotor cascade, redrawn from Drexler (1992)

11. Page 11 Therapeutic Applications Delivering medication to the exact location. Killing of bacteria, viruses & cancer cells Repair of damaged tissues. Oxygen transport. Skin and dental care

12. Page 12 Diagnostic Applications – Imaging Improved imaging of the human. Emit magnetic field. Probes that aren’t attached to anything don’t create a detectable magnetic Detect tumors.

13. Page 13 “A microscopic machine roaming through the bloodstream, injecting or taking samples for identification and determining the concentrations of different compounds"

14. Page 14 Michael Strano of the University of Illinois and his colleagues are among many scientists developing biomedical applications for nanotubes. They coated the tubes with an enzyme that, in the presence of sugar, makes hydrogen peroxide, which in turn triggers a flow of electrons into the tiny tubes. The electrons make the tubes glow when they are exposed to infrared light -- a reaction unique to nanotubes

15. Page 15 Quantum dots, also known as "qdots," are bits of material -- silicon, for example -- that are so tiny they are in some cases just a few atoms across. Illuminated by ultraviolet light, they glow very brightly with a specific hue that depends on their size: qdots with diameters of about 2 nanometers (billionths of a meter) glow bright green, for example; 5 nanometer dots glow brilliant red

16. Page 16 Mechanical drilling of a small tumor mass by a nanorobot

17. Page 17 Virus Finder

18. Page 18 Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine Devices working in the bloodstream could nibble away at atherosclerotic deposits, widening the affected blood vessels. This would prevent most heart attacks 18

19. Page 19 A NANOROBOT NIBBLING ON AN ATHEROSCLEROTIC DEPOSIT IN A BLOOD VESSEL 19

20. Page 20 West and her colleagues infused nanoshells into the bloodstreams of mice with cancer, the spheres traveled through the circulatory system and then concentrated around the animals' tumors – Then the team exposed the animals to the near infrared light. The nanospheres quickly absorbed that energy and heated up to about 122 degrees Fahrenheit, cooking the tumors but leaving surrounding tissues unharmed. Months later, the animals were still cancer-free. West and her colleagues infused nanoshells into the bloodstreams of mice with cancer, the spheres traveled through the circulatory system and then concentrated around the animals' tumors – Then the team exposed the animals to the near infrared light. The nanospheres quickly absorbed that energy and heated up to about 122 degrees Fahrenheit, cooking the tumors but leaving surrounding tissues unharmed. Months later, the animals were still cancer-free.

21. Page 21 The clottocyte (Freitas 2000a), an artificial techanical platelet, rapidly unfurls its netting at the wound site, halting bleeding in ~1 second. Designer Robert A. Freitas Jr. © 2008 Robert A. Freitas Jr.

22. Page 22 Speed of Treatment targets up to ~1,000 times faster Control of Treatment control of physical placement, timing, strength, structure, and interactions with other (especially biological) entities. (Freitas 2009) Verification of Treatment nanorobots will be able to report back to the attending physician, with digital precision and ~MHz bandwidth (Freitas 1999ah) Speed of Treatment targets up to ~1,000 times faster Control of Treatment control of physical placement, timing, strength, structure, and interactions with other (especially biological) entities. (Freitas 2009) Verification of Treatment nanorobots will be able to report back to the attending physician, with digital precision and ~MHz bandwidth (Freitas 1999ah)

23. Page 23 Minimal Side Effects nanorobots may be targeted with virtually 100% accuracy to specific organs, tissues, or even individual cellular addresses within the human body (Freitas 1999g, 2006a). Faster and More Precise Diagnosis. More Reliable Operation A molecular nanotechnology approach should decrease these error rates by at least a millionfold (Drexler 1992i). Nonbiodegradable Treatment Agents medical nanorobots could be recovered intact from the patient and recycled, reducing life-cycle energy consumption and treatment costs. Minimal Side Effects nanorobots may be targeted with virtually 100% accuracy to specific organs, tissues, or even individual cellular addresses within the human body (Freitas 1999g, 2006a). Faster and More Precise Diagnosis. More Reliable Operation A molecular nanotechnology approach should decrease these error rates by at least a millionfold (Drexler 1992i). Nonbiodegradable Treatment Agents medical nanorobots could be recovered intact from the patient and recycled, reducing life-cycle energy consumption and treatment costs.

24. Page 24 Nanorobots, no matter how capable, must always have very well-defined physical limitations. They are limited by mobility constraints, by the availability of energy, by mechanical and geometric constraints, by diffusion limits and biocompatibility requirements, and by numerous other constraints (Freitas 1999, 2003).

25. Page 25 With nanotechnology cancer therapy is going to be made much simpler and painless which itself is a boon to millions of cancer patients around the world. Critical organ transplantations are to be made easier with much reduced chances of incompatibility and thereby rejection, with the help of nanostructure implants. Diseases can be diagnosed more effectively and easily Nanomedicine has triggered the wind of revolution in medicine, which in turn is going to be a new lease of life for the suffering. With nanotechnology cancer therapy is going to be made much simpler and painless which itself is a boon to millions of cancer patients around the world. Critical organ transplantations are to be made easier with much reduced chances of incompatibility and thereby rejection, with the help of nanostructure implants. Diseases can be diagnosed more effectively and easily Nanomedicine has triggered the wind of revolution in medicine, which in turn is going to be a new lease of life for the suffering.

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