1. NS1300 – Emergence of Modern Science Energy and Thermodynamics

2. Where does our energy come from, and will there be enough in the future?

3. Chapter 3 – Energy Mechanical Energy Thermal Energy Chemical Energy Electromagnetic Energy Entropy

4. Law of Conservation of Energy Energy is Neither Created nor Destroyed – Enthalpy: H = U + pV – H is the enthalpy – U is the internal energy – p is the pressure of the system – V is the volume – Entropy: S = k log W – W is the number of microstates corresponding to a given macrostate – K is Boltzmann’s Constant Open Systems and Closed Systems – The Universe is the Only Closed System in Nature

5. Energy Conversion Any form of energy can be transformed into any other form Energy is the Ability to Do Work

6. Work Work = Force X Distance (W = Fd) Simple Machines

7. Mechanical Energy Potential Energy – PE = -G(m 1 m 2 /R) Kinetic Energy – E = 1/2mv 2

8. Thermal Energy Heat Temperature Calories

9. Thermodynamics Thermal Energy – The internal energy of a system associated with kinetic energies of the molecules: molecular translation, rotation, and vibration electron translation and spin nuclear spin – and the phase of the system.

10. Heat and Temperature Specific Heat Latent Heat Molecular Kinetic Energy Temperature Scales – Fahrenheit – Celsius – Kelvin Absolute Zero

11. Flow of Heat Radiation Conduction Convection

12. Heat Budgets Heat Budget of the Atmosphere and Ocean: QT = QSW + QLW + QS + QL + QV Thermoregulation

13. The 1 st law of Thermodynamics The increase in the internal energy of a thermodynamic system is equal to the amount of heat energy added to the system minus the work done by the system on the surroundings. Heat is a process by which energy is added to a system or lost to a sink. Energy is lost to a system by doing mechanical work. Energy is always conserved between a system and its surroundings.

14. Efficiency Engines Systems Organisms

15. The 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics In an isolated system, a process can occur only if it increases the total entropy of the system. Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a material at lower temperature to a material at higher temperature. It is impossible to convert heat completely into work.

16. Applications of Entropy Engineering – Mechanical – Chemical – Electrical Biology The Environment

17. Misconceptions About Entropy Perpetual Motion Free Point Energy Complexity

18. Chemical Energy Oxidation – Reduction – Photosynthesis – Respiration – Burning – Rusting

19. Trophic Levels Producers – Photosynthesis – Chemosynthesis Consumers – Grazers – Predators – Parasites Decomposers – Saprophytes

20. Electromagnetic Energy E = mc 2

21. The Photon Particle – Wave Duality Photoelectric Effect Induction

22. Power Power = Work / Time (P = W/t)

23. Power Sources Solar Fossil Fuels Electricity Batteries

24. Future Energy Sources Wind Geothermal Nuclear Biofuels Hydrogen

25. Zero Point Energy – An Alternative Energy Resource? Zero Point Energy Tachyons? Zero Point Energy Generators? Pseudoscience?

26. Quiz 1. T or F, energy is the ability to do work. 2. T or F, any form of energy can be converted to any other form of energy. 3. Simple machines make work easier, but less efficient. Name a simple machine. 4. T or F, photons can cause electrons to flow through a circuit. 5. T or F, zero-point energy is a viable alternative source of energy for the future.