1. Dissemination of simulations in the Virtual Observatory Gerard Lemson German Astrophysical Virtual Observatory, Max-Planck Institute for extraterrestrial physics

2. Overview The Virtual Observatory Theory/simulations in the VObs Case study: Millennium database –Storing trees in a relational database Virtual telescope prototypes Outlook

3. Virtual Observatory I Broad goal –Make results of astronomical research, data and applications, more readily available to larger community, and create value-adding services. (Alex’s talk yesterday) Facilitate results- –communication –checking –(re)use –comparison –combination

4. Combination: a multi-wavelength view of a galaxy merger John Hibbard http://www.cv.nrao.edu/~jhibbard/n4038/n4038.html Radio NASA/CXC/SAO/G. Fabbiano et al. X-Ray Optical

5. SDSS ROSAT 2MASS FIRST GAIA the problem

6. ROSAT FIRST GAIA SDSS2MASS work on a solution

7. Virtual Observatory II Approach: –online availability of datasets and applications –standardized publication and discovery mechanisms –standardized description through common (meta-)data models –standardized selection mechanisms –standardized formats for transmitted data –value added services –introduce new technologies –find clever algorithms Organized in International VO Alliance (IVOA)

8. Observations in the VO Most VO efforts concentrate on observational data sets –simple observables: photons detected at a certain time from a certain area on the sky –long history of archiving –pre-existing standards (FITS) –valuable over long time (digitising 80 yr old plates) Standards observationally biased –common sky: cone search, SIAP, region –common objects: XMatch –data models: characterisation of sky/time/energy(/no polarisation yet)

9. Theory in the VO: issues Simulations not so simple –complex observables –no standardisation (not even HDF5) –archiving ad hoc, for local use Moore’s law makes useful lifetime relatively short: few years later can do better Current IVOA standards somewhat irrelevant –no common sky –no common objects –requires data models for content, physics, code

10. “Moore’s law” for N-body simulations Courtesy Simon White

11. History of simulations Toomre & Toomre, 1972 Di Matteo, Springel and Hernquist, 2005 Courtesy Volker Springel

12. So why bother publishing simulations? Simulations are interesting: –For many cases only way to see processes in action –Complex observations require sophisticated models for interpretation Bridging gap in specialisations: not everyone has required expertise to create simulations, though they can analyse them. Many use cases do not require the latest/greatest –exposure time calculator –survey design

13. A possible formation scenario Courtesy Volker Springel

14. Detailed observations electron density gas pressure gas temperature Courtesy Alexis Finoguenov, Ulrich Briel, Peter Schuecker, (MPE)

15. Detailed predictions Courtesy Volker Springel

16. Case study: Simulations in a relational database Goal: investigate the use of RDB and web services for disseminating results of cosmological N-body simulations. Why database ? –encapsulation of data in terms of logical structure, no need to know about internals of data storage –standard query language for finding information –advanced query optimizers –forces one to think carefully about data structure –speeds up path from science question to answer –facilitates communication –new ways of thinking about results –links to other efforts (Sloan SkyServer)

17. The Virgo consortium’s Millennium simulation Millennium simulation –10 billion particles, dark matter only –500 Mpc (~2Gly) periodic box –“concordance model” (as of 2004) initial conditions –64 snapshots –350000 CPU hours –O(30Tb) raw + post-processed data play Postprocessing: –dark matter density fields smoothed at various scales (45 * 256 3 grid cells) –dark matter cluster merger trees (~750 million) –galaxy merger trees (~1 billion/catalogue) DeLucia & Balizot, 2006 Bower et al, 2006

18. Evolution

19. Dark matter and galaxies

20. Halos and galaxies

21. the Millennium database + web server Post-processing results only SQLServer database –MPA: 2000, soon + 2005 –Durham: 2005 Web application (Java in Apache tomcat web server) –portal: http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/millennium/http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/millennium/ –public DB access: http://www.g-vo.org/Millenniumhttp://www.g-vo.org/Millennium –private access: http://www.g-vo.org/MyMillenniumhttp://www.g-vo.org/MyMillennium –MyDB Access methods –browser with plotting capabilities through VOPlot applet –wget + IDL, R –TOPCAT plugin

25. Database design: “20 queries” 1.Return the galaxies residing in halos of mass between 10^13 and 10^14 solar masses. 2.Return the galaxy content at z=3 of the progenitors of a halo identified at z=0 3.Return the complete halo merger tree for a halo identified at z=0 4.Find properties of all galaxies in haloes of mass 10**14 at redshift 1 which have had a major merger (mass-ratio < 4:1) since redshift 1.5. 5.Find all the z=3 progenitors of z=0 red ellipticals (i.e. B-V>0.8 B/T > 0.5) 6.Find the descendents at z=1 of all LBG's (i.e. galaxies with SFR>10 Msun/yr) at z=3 7.Find all z=3 galaxies which have NO z=0 descendent. 8.Return all the galaxies within a sphere of radius 3Mpc around a particular halo 9.Find all the z=2 galaxies which were within 1Mpc of a LBG (i.e. SFR>10Msun/yr) at some previous redshift. 10.Find the multiplicity function of halos depending on their environment (overdensity of density field smoothed on certain scale) 11.Find the dependency of halo formation times on environment

26. Time evolution: merger trees

27. Efficient storage of trees in a relational database Goal: allow queries for the formation history of any object No recursion possible, or desired Method: –depth first ordering of trees –label by rank in order –pointer to “last progenitor” below each node –all progenitors have label BETWEEN label of root AND that of last progenitor –cluster table on label

30. Merger trees : select prog. from galaxies des, galaxies prog where des.galaxyId = 0 and prog.galaxyId between des.galaxyId and des.lastProgenitorId Leaves : select galaxyId as leaf from galaxies des where galaxyId = lastProgenitorId Branching points : select descendantId from galaxies des where descendantId != -1 group by descendantId having count(*) > 1

31. Main branches Roots and leaves: select des.galaxyId as rootId, min(prog.lastprogenitorid) as leafId into rootLeaf from galaxies des, galaxies prog where des.galaxyId = 0 and prog.galaxyId between des.galaxyId and des.lastProgenitorId Main branch select rl.rootId, b.* from rootLeaf rl, galaxies b where prog.galaxyId between rl.rootId and rl.leafId

32. More database design features Spatial indices –Peano-Hilbert index links to field (256^3) –Z-curve index (bit interleaved, 256^3) SQLServer2005 CLR integration with C# for range queries –Zone index (ix/iy/iz, 50^3) select * from galaxies where snapnum = 63 and ix = 1 and iy = 5 and iz = 20 Random sampling select * from galaxies where snapnum = 63 and random between 1000 and 2000

33. Under construction Batch processing through CAS jobs Mock catalogues –pre-calculated in database –online MoMaFMoMaF Utilise PCA for storing photometric predictions Tree comparisons: statistics of branch lengths, node counts; tree edit distance.

35. Virtual telescopes Virtual observations of virtual universe Produce data products that are as similar to observational results as possible: –images –spectra –catalogues Include atmosphere and telescope effects –predict –analyse: easier to add problems than to remove them

36. Prototype examples No realistic telescope yet Planck simulator –http://www.g-vo.org/planckhttp://www.g-vo.org/planck Mock catalogs through Millennium –http://www.g-vo.org/mpasims/MoMaf2?http://www.g-vo.org/mpasims/MoMaf2? Hydro simulations of galaxy clusters –http://www.g-vo.org/hydrosims/http://www.g-vo.org/hydrosims/

38. Mock Map Making Facility Blaizot, J. et al Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc. 360 (2005) 159-175

40. Conclusions and outlook Simulation data valuable addition to VObs Especially with interfaces similar to observational ones IVOA theory interest group standards under development: SNAP, Semantics, Simulation data model Virtual telescopes provide perfect use case for testing VObs ideas: –requires very different specialisations –not co-located: needs distributed treatment –requires standards for data structure and service APIs, as well as models linking observations and theory –high performance computational infrastructure for scientifically meaningful results Distributed virtual telescope configuration

42. Acknowledgments Virgo consortium, in particular: –Volker Springel, Simon White, Gabriella DeLucia, Jeremy Blaizot (MPA, Munich, Germany), –Carlos Frenk, Richard Bower, John Helly (ICC, Durham, UK) Alex Szalay, Jan van den Berg (JHU) GAVO is funded by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research

43. Relevant references and links Springel, V., et al (2005), Simulations of the formation, evolution and clustering of galaxies and quasars, Nature, 435, 629 Lemson, G. and the Virgo Consortium (2006), Halo and Galaxy Formation Histories from the Millennium Simulation: Public release of a VO-oriented and SQL-queryable database for studying the evolution of galaxies in the LCDM cosmogony, http://xxx.lanl.gov/format/astro-ph/0608019http://xxx.lanl.gov/format/astro-ph/0608019 Lemson, G. & Springel, V. (2005), Cosmological Simulations in a Relational Database: Modelling and Storing Merger Trees, ASPC, 351, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XV http://aspbooks.org/custom/publications/paper/351-0212.html http://aspbooks.org/custom/publications/paper/351-0212.html De Lucia, G. & Blaizot, J. (2006) The hierarchical formation of the brightest cluster galaxies, http://xxx.lanl.gov/format/astro-ph/0606519/http://xxx.lanl.gov/format/astro-ph/0606519/ Bower, R. et al (2006), The brokern hierarchy of galaxy formation, Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc. 370 645-655 http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/millennium and http://www.g- vo.org/Millennium http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/millenniumhttp://www.g- vo.org/Millennium