1. History of Mass Media Week 15: Persian Gulf Wars

2.  Please sign card to thank Prof. Joseph Campbell for speaking to our class about Murrow & McCarthy

3.  Today: Gulf Wars 1991-1992 and 2003-2011 ◦ Pick up papers, after class  Wednesday: Advertising’s Golden Age with Jim Clark  Friday: Exam 2 ◦ Five short-answer questions ◦ One essay question (in class) ◦ Take-home essay due May 13

4.  Monday, May 2: News  Wednesday, May 4: sports, photography, plus leftover news  Friday, May 6: advertising, production, business office  FORMAT: 3-4 minutes, one PPt slide

5.  Reporter, news editor, managing editor, editorial-page editor  Biggest story: Mount St. Helens eruption & ash fallout (May 1980)  Biggest success: hiring, mentoring successful reporters, editors

6.  1991: Operation Desert Shield  1992: Operation Desert Storm (Persian Gulf War I)  2003-2004: Operation Iraqi Freedom  2005-present: nation building, prevent civil war

7.  Response to Iraqi invasion of Kuwait (long-standing border dispute)  U.S. Ambassador told Saddam, July 1991: “We don’t have a position...”

8. JAMM 100  Hill & Knowlton ◦ Washington, D.C.  1991: Citizens for a Free Kuwait ◦ Front for Kuwaiti royal family  Goal: build support for U.S. military action against Iraq

9. JAMM 100  Hill & Knowlton’s tactics: ◦ Testimony to Congress ◦ ‘Incubator babies’ scam to show Iraq’s brutality ◦ Witness was actually daughter of Kuwait’s ambassador to U.S.

10.  U.S., allied forces expelled Iraqi forces from Kuwait, but left Saddam in power  Pool coverage by media ◦ Relied on Central Command HQ ◦ Independent journalists discouraged

11. “The build-up to war had taken so long that the media was determined that this would be the most thoroughly reported war of modern times. It would be the biggest news-gathering operation in the history of television.” --Philip Knightley

12.  Pentagon’s media policy changed  Embedded journalists (“embeds”), assigned to units  PRO: Access to combat, less risk  CON: Subject to censorship

13. “When you depend on a unit, your natural tendency is to protect them… and it affected coverage.” --Chris Hedges, NY Times

14.  Donald Rumsfeld ◦ Secretary of Defense  Behind-the-scenes PR campaign  “Rumsfeld has turned the press conference into an art form….”

15.  The 1 st American hero?

16. Conventional wisdom Contrarian view (Campbell)  March 23, 2003, Nasiriyah (S. Iraq)  Iraqis ambushed U.S. troops  Lynch captured, hurt, hospitalized  April 1: U.S. special ops rescue Lynch  A stage-managed stunt (“War Spin”)?  OR simply reporting errors by the Post?  Americans eager for a story that showed heroism under fire  “Inter-media agenda setting”

17.  VIDEO: War Spin

18.  Be sure to sign card for Campbell  Check date for presentation next week