1. EVOLUTION & CLASSIFICATION

2. Evolution: Evolution: change in species over time Species ADAPT (or change) in order to increase chance of survival Variation among species can occur due to… Recombination of traits (mating) Mutations in DNA sequence

3. Evidence for Evolution- Fossils Compare them to each other or current organisms (Chimp) (Peking Man) (Human)

4. Evidence for Evolution: Anatomical Structures Homologous: similar structures in various organisms EX. Similar arm and hand bones in human, bat, bird, whale

5. Evidence for Evolution: Anatomical Structures Vestigal: reduced in size and function EX. Pelvic bones in whale; appendix in humans

6. Evidence for Evolution: Anatomical Structures Analogous: similar structure, not same ancestor EX. Wings of bird vs. wings of butterfly

7. Evidence of Evolution- Embryology: similarities in fetal development Mouse Embryo Human Embryo 

8. Evidence for Evolution- Biochemistry / DNA: similarities in the chemical compounds that make up organisms / similar DNA patterns Ex. 80% similar to Insects Ex. 99% similar to Chimps

9. THEORY of EVOLUTION Charles Darwin Naturalist who studied the diversity of organisms Developed the concept of NATURAL SELECTION Born Feb. 12 th, 1809 in England

10. Charles Darwin 1831-1836 Darwin served as a naturalist on the HMS Beagle He studied plants, animals, and fossils from various locations in and around South America Developed several theories- one of which was the Theory of Natural Selection (aka “Survival of the Fittest”)

11. Darwin & the Galapagos Islands

12. THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION: Variation within populations- natural differences among same species Some variations are favorable- improve ability to function and reproduce Not all young survive- killed by disease, predators; only some reproduce Survivors are those with favorable traits- offspring inherit those traits/genes

13. Natural Selection - Galapagos

14. Types of Evolution: Divergent Evolution- isolated species evolved independently Ex. Polar Bear / Brown Bear

15. Types of Evolution: Convergent Evolution- similar adaptations in response to similar environment Ex. Big ears on desert creatures

16. Types of Evolution: Co-Evolution- adaptations affected by interaction with other organisms Ex. Pollinators and flowers

17. CLASSIFICATION: Grouping of things according to similar characteristics WHY? Show evolutionary relationships (phylogenetic tree) Learn about the similarities/differences of items Discover relationships between living and non- living things Gives a unique name to each organism, etc.

18. TAXONOMY: Biological classification system of naming and organizing organisms Binomial Nomenclature – “two-name system of naming” developed by Carolus Linneaus (18 th century Swedish scientist)

19. All living things are classified into… Kingdomex. Animalia (Broadest) Phylumex. Chordata Classex. Mammalia Orderex. Primates Familyex. Hominidae Genusex. Homo Speciesex. sapiens (Most specific)

20. How to name an organism… Binomial nomenclature uses the Genus and the species of an organism to name it Genus is capitalized species is NOT capitalized Both are underlined or italicized Ex. Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens

21. Dichotomous Key: AKA Taxonomic Key- a guide designed to identify organisms; uses pairs of observable traits to pinpoint the identity of an organism

22. Keys to creating a “KEY”… Use constant characteristics (something it always has) rather than variable ones. Use measurements rather than terms like "large" and "small". Make the choice a positive one - something "is" instead of "is not". If possible, start both choices of a pair with the same word. Precede the descriptive terms with the name of the part to which they apply.

23. Example- 1. a. wings covered by an exoskeleton …go to step 2 b. wings not covered by an exoskeleton …go to step 3 2. a. body has a round shape ……ladybug b. body has an elongated shape ……grasshopper 3. a. wings point out from the side of the body …dragonfly b. wings point to the posterior of the body …housefly