1. What is the binomial naming system and why is it useful? How does classification make it easier to measure biodiversity? Why do we need to protect biodiversity hotspots? Suggest two gulls that cannot interbreed. Why aren’t they classified as separate species? Write a definition for these keywords Vertebrate Invertebrate Homeotherm Poikilotherm Viviparous Oviparous Classification, Variation and Inheritance Explain why it was difficult to classify the platypus as a mammal. Suggest how Scientists finally made that decision. (5 marks) mammals birds reptiles Using the zedonk as an example, explain the difference between a species and a hybrid. Describe the two graphs shown below. What type of variation is shown? Give examples. Calculate the mean length of these seed pods (23mm, 25.5mm, 26mm, 32mm, 34.5mm, 37mm) Label the polar bear’s adaptations KingdomMain Characteristics Animalia eg Plantae eg Fungi eg Protoctista eg Prokaryotae eg Characteristics:

2. The platypus, a good answer will contain the following points:  platypuses are like reptiles because they lay leathery eggs  they are like reptiles because they have a skeleton structure/body shape that is like a lizard’s  they are like birds because they have a beak  like all mammals it has hair  like all mammals it produces milk (although, as a point on interest, it doesn’t have nipples)  all mammals produce eggs, it’s just that the eggs tend to stay inside the female to develop They bear more similarities with mammals than with any of the other groups (some students might suggest that DNA testing would show their similarity to other mammals and this should also be given credit, even though DNA analysis was invented long after the classification of platypuses as mammals). Biodiversity hotspots It makes the identification of different species easy and so allows an accurate measure of the numbers of different species in an area (biodiversity), even if some of the species appear quite similar. The hotspots contain greater numbers of species than other areas and so by protecting them you are protecting more species than you could otherwise. Some students may go on to mention the importance of preserving species in general, including possible future uses by humans and that more biodiverse areas are better able to cope with environmental changes. Ring species It is difficult to know where to draw the line between one species and the next in the middle of the ring.

3. Genes and Evolution What is a genetic disorder? Describe the effects of these genetic disorders… Cystic Fibrosis – Sickle Cell disease – Write definitions for these key words: Evolution Speciation Competition Natural selection Describe how the use of warfarin to kill rats has led to the majority of rats now being resistant to warfarin Ground finches have large powerful beaks to crush seeds, a closely related species now has a narrow beak for probing in small holes for insect larvae. Suggest how the newer species could have evolved. Construct a punnet square to show the genotypes of the offspring between a mother who is a Cystic Fibrosis sufferer and father who is a heterozygous non-sufferer. Show the probability of each phenotype occurring in decimals, % and ratios What type of chart is this? How and why might doctors use it? Write definitions for these key words: Homozygous Heterozygous Dominant Recessive Genotype Phenotype Sickle-cell disease has been a problem in Africa for centuries. Before modern medicine, the disease usually killed people before they were able to have children. So you would expect the allele to quickly be removed from a population of people. Explain why the allele still exists. Hint: sickle cell sufferers cannot catch malaria

4. Describe how the use of warfarin to kill rats has led to the majority of rats now being resistant to warfarin Warfarin was used to kill rats in the 1940s, however some rats were naturally resistant to warfarin (it didn’t kill them) due to natural variation within the species. The warfarin killed all the normal rats, but those that were resistant to it survived and passed on the genes for resistance to their offspring. The offspring inherited the genes and were resistant to warfarin too. Finches: a good answer will contain the following points: on an island with few seeds (but many insects) some finches had naturally narrower beaks and were able to reach more insects these finches survived more often than the ones with larger beaks the finches with narrower beaks reproduced more often, passing on the genes for narrow beaks of those finch offspring, those with even narrower beaks were still more likely to be able to get insects so were more successful and survived and reproduced this meant that gradually, over time, the birds got narrower and narrower beaks Sickle cell: Children with one copy of the sickle-cell allele are more likely to survive malaria than those without any sickle- cell alleles. These children are more likely to survive long enough to have their own children and pass on the allele, whilst others will die from malaria.

5. What is the function of the myelin sheath? Write definitions for these key words: Osmoregulation Thermoregulation Homeostasis Negative feedback Hot or cold? Label the diagrams to show all the changes that occur to cool you down or warm you up. Why do they happen? You play in the snow for an hour, describe the changes that occur in your body to ensure your core temperature remains at 37°C What is hypothermia? What relationships or correlations can you see in this graph? Why? Sense organ Receptor cell Stimulus detected Name and label these neurones What are their functions? Label this diagram of a synapse. Outline the role of the synapse. Whys is it important to have small numbers of these in a reflex arc? vs Reflex actions Homeostasis and Sensitivity Vasoconstriction Vasodilation Coordinated responses What is the difference between a nerve, a neurone and the CNS? Produce a flow chart that illustrates the path along a reflex arc

6. Playing in the snow Include the key words: dermis, hypothalamus, erector muscles, vasoconstriction

7. Hormones Label these endocrine glands and give their functions Control of blood glucose vs Messages carried by nerves Messages carried by hormones Write definitions for these key words: Target organ Diabetes Subcutaneous fat Phototropism Geotropism Glucagon Glycogen Calculate the BMI of someone who is 1.72m tall and weighs 98kg (show your working) Are they at risk of type 2 diabetes? Why? Explain how insulin helps to control blood glucose concentrations. [6 marks] Imagine you are a doctor, how would you explain to a patient the difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes. What treatments would you recommend for each? What causes roots & shoots to grow in opposite directions? Which would germinate first; a seed soaked in water, a seed soaked in gibberellins. Can you explain why? What hormone causes plants to grow like this and how does it have this effect? How are plant hormones used? Why are bananas that are grown in Africa over 4000 miles away are perfectly yellow in our shops?

8. insulin made by/released by/secreted from endocrine glands insulin is a hormone pancreas makes/releases/secretes insulin liver is the target organ/where insulin has an effect insulin is released when blood glucose concentrations go above a certain level insulin causes glucose removal from the blood so lowering its concentration glucose from blood is made into glycogen insulin release is switched off when concentrations fall back into normal range

9. Describe and explain the patterns shown in the graph Type of drugExampleEffect Explain why you can buy painkillers such as paracetamol in a shop but only a doctor can give you morphine. GABA is a neurotransmitter that is released at inhibitory synapses, which drugs do you think might increase the release of GABA and why? Why might an athlete be banned from taking part in the Olympics if they had taken cold medicine? Cigarette smoke only enters the lungs, explain why smoking can cause diseases all over the body and give examples. Drugs and Pathogens Use Scientific evidence to put forward an argument for raising the legal age to buy alcohol to 21 Label all the ways in which the human body prevents entry of pathogens Turn this statement into an explanation: Antibiotic resistance is an example of evolution. Write definitions for these key words: Antiseptic Antibiotic Pathogen Cirrhosis Vector Lysozyme DiseaseHow it is spread Symptoms What is this organism and what diseases is it linked to? Why? What criteria do doctors use to decide who gets organ transplants?

10. Complete the stages of the nitrogen cycle Environment Write definitions for these words: Consumer Producer Trophic level Biomass Interdependent Why is there a limit to the length of a food chain? Produce a pyramid of biomass for this food chain Field of corn  Locust  Mouse  Snake  Hawk (150g/m 2 ) (60g/m 2 ) (40g/m 2 ) (15g/m 2 ) (8g/m 2 ) How does this model help explain what happens in terms of energy? What doesn’t it show us? What would happen if a disease killed half the mouse population? In what ways are tape worms so well adapted to living in their host? Name the organism and describe the relationship it has with others 1 2 3 4 5 6 Label the diagram to show how Eutrophication occurs What does this graph show? What impact will this have on the environment & why? How is acid rain formed and what is its effect on the environment? Describe how & why you could use lichen to indicate the level of pollution in a given area. Give 2 examples of each of the following: Clean water indicator: Polluted water indicator: Air quality indicator: Add labels to this simplified carbon cycle. How could you improve it? Describe the ways in which carbon is recycled. The Nitrogen Cycle