1. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS

2. Definition ► World Health Organization (WHO, 1993): defines WHO, 1993WHO, 1993 "Environmental health comprises those aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by physical, chemical, biologic, social, and psychosocial factors in the environment." ► And any external factor that negatively affects your health can be considered an environmental health hazard.

3. Environmental health hazards ► Land and climate related hazards ► Atmospheric hazards – ► Water related hazards- ► Food Borne hazards ► Vector Borne Hazards ► Domestic Hazards ► Occupational Hazards ► Infrastructural hazards ► Others

4. Land and climate related hazards ► Floods : Common in both lowland coastal and inland areas, especially in Tropics and monsoon areas ► Storms ► Hurricanes ► Volcanic activity ► Earthquakes ► Soil erosion ► Drought

5. Atmospheric hazards ► Out Door Pollution /Air ► Increasing problem in many urban areas due to road traffic; ► Also associated with old, heavy and manufacturing industries and mining wind- blown dust also a significant problem in some areas

6. Outdoor pollution- sources ► Industry ► Cars and trucks ► Other sources such as gasoline stations, farm equipments, fires, and outdoor pesticide use.

7. Primary outdoor air pollutants ► Pollutants of concern are ► Ozone (O3) Ozone (O3) Ozone (O3) ► Particulate Matter (PM) Particulate Matter (PM) Particulate Matter (PM) ► Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon Monoxide (CO) ► Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) ► Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) ► Lead (Pb) Lead (Pb) Lead (Pb) ► Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

8. Water related hazards ► Surface water ► In urban areas, primarily from industrial and domestic wastes ► In rural related pollution areas with co-use of waters for humans and livestock ► Drinking water Especially in areas without access to treated/piped water contamination contamination

9. Water pollution Common pollutants of area rivers, streams, bayous, lakes, ponds, estuaries and bays include: ► fertilizers from home lawns and gardens, as well as agriculture; ► mercury from power plants and industrial waste; ► herbicides and insecticides; ► oil and other chemicals from roadway runoff; ► prescription medications, paint and other toxic substances disposed down household sinks and toilets; ► trash and sediment from construction sites; ► pet waste; ► faulty septic systems; ► run-off from industrial sources or sewage treatment plants; and ► hormone and prescription medications in human waste.

11. Health risks associated with water pollution ► Drinking or washing with contaminated water; ► Eating seafood from polluted rivers or bays; ► Eating crops watered with polluted water; and/or ► Swimming in polluted waterways.

14. Workplace Hazards Many jobs expose workers to environmental toxins Exposure to ► Lead, ► solvents, ► Asbestos, ► Pesticides, ► Inks, ► Dry cleaning chemicals ► Molds and other substances in the workplace.

15. Infrastructural hazards ► Traffic : Accidents and noise pollution, Growing problem in major cities ► Industrial Accidents: Associated mainly with poorly regulated chemical industries ► Contaminated land: Old industrial sites and waste-dumps

16. Noise Pollution ► Traffic, trains, buses, lawn mowers, leaf blowers, helicopters, construction noise, low- flying recreational planes, jet skis, air- conditioning units, ► Exposure to noise levels higher than 85 decibels for long periods of time can cause permanent hearing damage ► Lower levels have been shown to cause stress, increase blood pressure, cause sleep disturbances which affect sleep quality as well as mood and performance

17. Hazards from Waste ► Municipal solid waste includes residential and industrial waste. Solid waste is usually disposed of in landfills or recycled ► Hazardous waste, defined as that which is toxic, corrosive, flammable, or ignitable needs to be disposed of properly. ► Nuclear waste raise concerns about potential radiation exposure. ► Sources are commercial power plants, hospitals, and non-military sources nuclear power plants

18. Socioeconomic Factors ► Socioeconomic factors ► Include income ► Ethnicity, sense of community and other such factors. ► Studies have shown that certain segments of society are disproportionately exposed to environmental hazards, and may be more vulnerable to such hazards than other populations

19. Other Environmental Health Hazards ► Heat and Humidity ► High humidity impedes the body's ability to cool itself. ► This is a particular problem for the elderly. ► Stress Excessive stress is associated with decreased immune function and an increased risk of environmentally related illness. ► Stress Excessive stress is associated with decreased immune function and an increased risk of environmentally related illness.

20. Summary ► The big 3 are physical, chemical, and biological. ► Physical- noise, lighting, vibration, temperature, electricity ► Chemical-solvents, acids, metals, dust, pesticides ► Biological- bacteria, virus, fungus/molds ► The fourth is probably the occupational side of environmental health ► Ergonomic-repetitive movement, poorly designed equipment,