1. Chapter 15 Environmental Health, Pollution and Toxicology

2. Terminology Pollution: introduces harmful materials or produces harmful conditions to the environment - introduced through a) Point Sources: b) Area Sources: c) Mobile Sources: Contamination: making something unfit for a particular use through the introduction of desirable material Toxicology: the science that studies chemicals that should be toxic Carcinogen: a type of toxin that increases the risk of cancer Synergism: the interaction of different substances resulting in a total effect greater than the sum of the effects of the separate sources

3. Measuring Pollutants Measuring depends on the substance Common Units –ppm: Parts per million –ppb: Parts per billion –Micrograms per cubicle meter (measures air)

4. Categories of Pollutants Infectious Agents Toxic Heavy Metals Organic Compounds Radiation Thermal Pollution Particulates Asbestos Electromagnetic Fields Noise Pollution Voluntary Exposure

5. Toxic Heavy Metals Travel through toxic pathways Biomagnifications: the accumulation or increase in concentration of a substance in living tissue as it moves through a food web.

8. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds: composed of carbon Synthetic Organic Compounds: used in industrial processes Persistent Organic Pollutants: Synthetic organic compounds often containing chlorine, that do not easily break down in the environment. Hormonally Active Agents: Chemicals in the environment able to cause reproductive and developmental abnormalities in animals

10. General Effects of Pollutants - Changes in Abundance - Changes in Distribution - Changes in Birth Rates - Changes in Death Rates - Changes in Growth Rates

13. Concept of Dose and Response The effect of a certain chemical on an individual depends on the does Individuals differ in their response to chemicals Dose-Response Curve: - LD-50 - ED-50 - TD-50 Threshold Effects: - the level below which effects are not observable and above which effects become apparent

18. Ecological Gradients Changes in vegetation with distance from a toxic source Tolerance: The ability to resist or withstand stress resulting from exposure to a pollutant or harmful condition - Behavior vs. Physiological Acute and Chronic Effects

19. Risk Assessment 4 steps 1. Identification of the hazard 2. Dose-Response assessment 3. Exposure assessment 4. Risk characterization

20. Precautionary Principle The idea that in spit of the fact that full scientific certainty is often not available to prove cause and effect, we should still take cost-effective precautions to solve environmental problems where there exists a threat of potentially serious and/ or irreversible environmental damage