2. 1-3. Answers will vary.

4. tusk Ice Age extinct

5. other animals become extinct, the climate changes

6. Lesson 11A Click here to enlarge the passage

7. Vocabulary Lesson 11A

8. imagine (v.) to think about something and form an idea in your mind

9. nearby (adv.) a short distance away

10. overall (adj.) referring to a situation in general

11. perfect (adj.) as good as it can possibly be, no errors or flaws

12. send (v.) to arrange for a letter or package to go to a person

13. analysis (n.) a careful examination of something

14. detail (n.) a small feature of something

15. ongoing (adj.) continuing, going on now

16. sequence (n.) the order in which something happens

17. lead (v.) to result in something happening

18. entire passage lines 6-7 lines 8-14

19. line 11 line 23

21. Imagine overall

22. details perfect sentanalysis

27. predator prey tail stomach finsjawsteeth

28. three animals Temnodontosaurus: largest eyes; Kronosaurus: huge head and teeth; Thalassomedon: very long neck, carried stones in stomach

29. Lesson 11B Click here to enlarge the passage

30. Vocabulary Lesson 11B

31. indeed (adv.) used to confirm something or strengthen a point

32. model (n.) a small or simplified copy of a larger thing

33. characteristic (n.) a special quality or feature of someone or something

34. probably (adv.) as is likely

35. prime (adj.) something that is most important in a situation

36. set (n.) things that belong together or are thought of as a group

37. grab (v.) to take or pick up something suddenly or roughly

38. crush (v.) to press something hard until it breaks

39. portion (n.) a part of something

40. defense (n.) action taken to protect against attack

41. entire passage line 1 line 11-16

42. line 19 lines 23-24

43. eyes prey bananas crush neck stones fish

44. probably characteristics

45. set grab/crush defense portions models indeed

46. crush Characteristics Models prime defense

48. Answers will vary, but possibilities include head shape and bill, long jaws, arm shape, two legs, long tail for balance, claws on feet.

49. defense sequence led to

50. prime characteristics Ongoing details indeed

51. They hatch their young from eggs. Answers will vary.

52. For More Information http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature- online/life/dinosaurs-other-extinct- creatures/index.html

53. Key Words for Internet Research AlbertosaurusJobariaThalassomedon DeinosuchusKronosaurusTylosaurus dinosaursSuperCrocwoolly mammoth giant squidTemnodontosau rus

54. Reading Skills

55. Reading for Gist Reading for gist is reading to get a general sense of what a reading passage is basically about. In other words, we read to understand the main topic, or theme of the passage. For example, a reading passage might basically be about a new type of technology, or a tourist's vacation trip, or a story about a fictional character.

56. Identifying Details Identifying details in a text to answer specific questions (eg: who, what, when, where, why) is often achieved through a strategy known as ‘Scanning’ for details. This is actually a technique often used in daily life when looking up a word in the telephone book or dictionary. Also when you read a newspaper, you're probably not reading it word-by-word, instead you're scanning the text for important information of interest.

57. Recognizing the Purpose Recognizing the purpose of a text involves firstly asking yourself a few important questions such as “What am I reading?” to determine text type (eg: newspaper article, website, advertisement), “Why did the author write the text?”, to establish author’s objectives, and “Why am I reading this text?”, to determine your own reading objectives and what you can extract from the passage.

58. Understanding Reference Understanding reference in a text is an important reading skill which involves focusing on specific meaning of ‘pronoun references’ used throughout a passage (eg: this, those, their, it). This is an important skill to help develop full comprehension of significant details of a section of a passage which refer back to previous statements made.

59. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing involves the skill of identifying a restatement of a section in a passage that retains the basic meaning while changing the words, often explained in a more simplified form. A paraphrase often clarifies a more ambiguous original statement in the text by putting it into alternative words that are often more easily understood.

60. Understanding the Main Idea Once we've determined the text type of a passage, and what it's generally about, we usually then read on to understand the main idea of the passage. In other words: What is the writer basically telling us? Or, What is the writer's main message? Understanding the main idea of a text means being able to identify the most important point or information in the passage.

61. Defining Vocabulary Often a reading passage contains definitions or explanations of new words related to the topic. The definitions in the text may be given through different clues to help you identify how the author has explained its meaning. It is important to understand synonyms or parallel expressions are often used to define target vocabulary items.

62. Making Inferences When we read a text, the author does not tell us everything. Therefore, we must be able to guess some things and make clear assumptions from the information, facts, opinions and author’s feelings presented in the passage. Such a process of guessing and critical thinking is called ‘Making inferences’