1. What is Science?

2. Defining Science:  Science: knowledge gained from the careful, systematic investigation of the natural world  Life Science: the knowledge gained when scientific investigation is applied to living things in the natural world.

3. Thinking Scientifically:  NOT ALL THINKING IS SCIENTIFIC!!!  To be scientific thinking, it must have these characteristics:  Curiosity  Caution  Commitment to certain presuppositions

4. Terms to Know:  Observation – info gained from using one or more of the five senses  Inference – a logical conclusion  Universal Negative – a statement that excludes everything  Value judgment – determination of the worth of something

5. Terms to Know:  Final answer – an answer that is absolutely true and never needs to be rejected  Scientism – those who believe that science is the only way to learn about the world  Worldview – a perspective from which a person interprets life  Presupposition – an idea that a person takes for granted without having convincing proof  Christian worldview – belief that the Bible is the word of God and only reliable thing in the world (most important)

6. Main Teachings of a Christian Worldview:  Creation – God has created everything  Fall – man has fallen into a tragic state because of sin  God is working to redeem the world to himself

7. Why study Life Science?

8. God made living things for HIS glory!  Romans 11:36  Life science…  demonstrate God’s greatness more clearly  Strengthens appreciation for God’s goodness  Shows the Truth of God’s loving care in action

9. Dominion Mandate:  “Be fruitful and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the seas, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth” Genesis 1:28  Mankind has a responsibility to govern God’s creation

10. Dominion Mandate:  Life Science is important to the work of the Dominion Mandate  This command however, does not give us permission to abuse what God has made

11. Living things are cursed because of SIN  There are physical and mental effects of the fall  Life is filled with painful struggle  Wrong thinking…

12. God is redeeming this world to Himself  Relieving human suffering  Proclaiming the Gospel  Its time to reclaim Life Science for God’s Glory

13. What do scientists do?

14. So how do you DO science?  Review: What is science?  Scientific Method: an organized way of arriving at a workable solution  In reality – scientist do science in many ways!

15. One process followed in science…  Establish the problem  Form a hypothesis  Test the hypothesis  Classify and analyze data  Choose and verify the answer  Predict outcomes

16. In order to solve problems – must fall within limitations of science:  Observable  Measurable  Repeatable

17. Hypothesis – “an educated guess” - It helps you in designing an experiment or survey - Key Terms: - Data - Survey - Experiment - Experimental variable - Experimental group - Control group

18. Classify the data --- what does it all mean? Choose an answer! (must be verified) Predict outcomes! Wrap up of the process(es)….

19. Why Classify?

20. Benefits to classifying living things  Classify – means to arrange things into groups  Think about the shoes…  Good classification helps by:  Learning about characteristics of individuals and whole group (generalization)  Makes it easier to organize and find information about specific organisms

21. Benefits to classifying living things  Classification today is based on physical characteristics  The modern classification system (Carolus Linnaeus)  Seven basic levels from largest to smallest  Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

22. Scientific Names

23. Why scientific names?  Each scientific name given to one organism  Two-name system  First name – Genus  Second name – species  Genus names capitalized, species – not  Both italicized

24. Why scientific names?  Scientific name usually latinized  The first person to publish a description is usually the one to give its scientific name  Note: Genesis 2:19 – God directs Adam to name organisms…

25. Problems of Classification  Because we are human, mistakes can be made!  Uncertainty in classifying  lack of clear definition or understanding of what is what!  False conclusions  Get the term “related” misunderstood, assuming it means “common ancestor”

26. Problems of Classification  Species and Biblical kinds  Gen 1:11, 24 – God commands all things to reproduce after “their kind”

27. Complete Section Review 2B and 2C  Then begin to work on and complete Ideas 2B, C, D, E

28. 3A – Living Organisms

29. What is Life?  Organism – a complete living thing  Organisms…  Have life spans  Can reproduce  Grow

30. What is Life?  Organisms…  Are made of cells  Cell – tiny unit of living material surrounded by a thin membrane  Made mostly of water and contain organic compounds  Unicellular vs. multicellular  Tissue – a group of similar cells working together  Colonial organisms – organisms made of many cells that usually live together BUT could live by themselves!

31. What is Life?  Organisms…  Require energy  Energy – the ability to do work  Movement requires energy  Respond to their environment  Requires energy to respond to conditions

32. What is Life?  Organisms also have a Physical Life and Spiritual Life  Physical life is part of God’s creative process  A complex organization of nonliving substances that is kept alive by using energy and has characteristics of living things  Life is a condition of being alive (through our understanding of who God is and what He has done!)

33. What is Life?  Spiritual Life  God often describes spiritual life by comparing it to the physical life

34. What is Life? - Review  A complete living thing is called an ORGANISM  ALL organisms are cellular, because all living things are made up of cells  Tissue and colonial organisms are similar in the fact that they are both composed of more than one cell.  Tissues – made up of cells of the same kind; but a single tissue cannot survive on its own  Colonial organisms – made up of cells that can live on their own  Plants get their energy from the SUN  Life processes that require energy:  Movement  Response to the environment  Reproduction  Growth  Physical Life – a complex organization of nonliving substances that is kept alive by using energy and that has characteristics of living things

35. Complete:  Section Review p. 38 #1-6  Ideas 3A

36. CELLS

37. The Basic Unit: Cells  Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things  A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of over 300 billion cells!  Whole body estimate? 60 trillion  Not all cells are alike; some are specialized (they perform functions that no other cells do  Blood cells, muscle cells, nerve cells, gland cells

38. The Cell Theory  Robert Hooke (1665) – the first to use the word “cell” to describe what he saw  Observed a piece of cork through a microscope  What he actually saw were the walls of dead plant cells  Later scientists observed living things – they observed protoplasm  One made observation of plants. Another of animals

39. The Cell Theory  All of these observations were combines to form the modern cell theory:  All cells come from preexisting cells  All living things are made of cells and of the products of cells  The functions of living things are performed by the cells they are made of

40. Cellular Functions  All cells use energy  All cells manufacture materials  All cells respond to their environment  All cells reproduce themselves

41. Answer the following questions:  Who was the first English scientist to use the word “cell”?  According to the cell theory, can anything not made of cells be alive? Explain your answer.  What happens when a cell stops using energy?

42. Answer the following questions:  Who was the first English scientist to use the word “cell”?  According to the cell theory, can anything not made of cells be alive? Explain your answer.  What happens when a cell stops using energy?

43. Molecules and Life  The smallest unit that can be alive is the cell – but there are smaller structures within a cell  The smaller structures are essential for organism survival  Molecule – made up of atoms  Most molecules belong to 1 of 4 categories:  Carbohydrates  Proteins  Nucleic acids  Lipids (fats)

44. Molecules and Life  Molecules from these categories:  Are used to build cells  Store energy  Regulate cell activities  Store genetic information

45. Carbohydrates  Sugars and starches  They are made of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms  Simple sugar: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )  Other examples: cellulose, starch, glycogen

46. Proteins  They are very diverse and involved in almost everything a living cell does!  They may:  Store food  Fight disease (antibodies)  Help your muscles move  Enzymes  Made up of amino acids  There are 20 common amino acids (the arrangement is important, especially for enzymes)

47. Nucleic Acids  How does a cell know which amino acids to line up to build the proper protein? This information is stored in the cell’s DNA  Nucleic acids contain all the instructions that living cells need to make proteins and maintain life.  Made up of smaller molecules: nucleotides  Two major kinds of nucleic acids:  DNA  RNA

48. Nucleic Acids  Three things you need to know about nucleic acids:  The arrangement of the nucleotides in DNA forms a code  The DNA code determines which amino acids will be in a protein  The RNA helps in protein synthesis by using the coded instructions in DNA

49. Lipids  Fats and lipids are the same things  Too much can be unhealthy…but they are important to maintaining good health.  It serves as energy storage  Membranes contain lipids  Lipid molecules in a membrane:  Structural  Communicative  Transportive

50. Warm-up  Finish your lab write up from Friday  Label the next two pages in your interactive notebooks:  Left: Membranes what? 10/4/10  Right: Membranes 10/4/10

51. Membranes  Each cell is surrounded by a cell membrane, a thin covering that forms the outer boundary of the cell  Membranes sense and respond to changes in the surrounding environment  Membrane structure:  Composed of molecules of lipids and proteins  The most accurate model: Fluid mosaic model  Lipid molecules form a flexible (fluid), two-layered film in which proteins are embedded

52. Membrane Properties  Selective Permeability:  This means only certain molecules can go through the cell membrane  Molecules of water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide are small enough to pass, but others are too large (starch and protein)  One of the main ways that substances can pass through is by passive transport  Movement of substances across a membrane without using energy

53. Membrane Properties  Diffusion  A movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low until it reaches equilibrium  Osmosis  The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane  Active transport  Another way substances move across the membrane – but REQUIRES ENERGY!  Movement from area of low concentration to high OR when molecules are too big to pass

54. Leeuwenhoek  Let’s read the Facet together…  The Father of Microscopy  He called the organisms he viewed “animalcules” (or beasties)  COMPLETE IDEAS 4A

55. Answer the following ?’s  The thin covering that cells have is the ___________  Name the membrane model that is considered to be the most accurate.  What did Leeuwenhoek call the organisms he views with his microscopes?  Does osmosis require a cell to expend energy?  What type of transport requires energy?

56. Typical Parts of Cells  Cell are like tiny factories in many ways  Factories have: headquarters, power supplies, manufacturing equipment, clean-up crews, and shipping departments  All cells have three basic parts:  Cellular boundaries  The cytoplasm  Genetic material

57. Typical Parts of Cells  Cell boundaries  Plants – cell walls  Animal cell – cell (plasma) membrane  Keep things in and out; controls what allows to go in and out  Cytoplasm  A thick fluid that contains many organelles  Organelles – the parts of the cell that perform many functions needed to keep the cell alive  Genetic Material  Nucleus – compact, roundish structure that functions as the control center of the cell. This contains the genetic info (DNA)

58. Typical Parts of Cells  Organelles in the Cytoplasm:  Mitochondria – the cell’s powerhouse; site of energy production

59. Typical Parts of Cells  Organelles in the Cytoplasm:  Endoplasmic Reticulum – ER for short; a maze of passageways; it connects the nucleus to the cell membrane; functions as the cell’s delivery system.

60. Typical Parts of Cells  Organelles in the Cytoplasm:  Ribosomes – tiny organelles directing the assembling of proteins; serve as major building materials of cells; scattered throughout the cytoplasm or attached to the ER; These make PROTEINS!

61. Typical Parts of Cells  Organelles in the Cytoplasm:  Golgi Apparatus – chemicals from the cytoplasm are collected here; believed to be connected with the ER; packages chemicals and distributes them throughout the cell

62. Typical Parts of Cells  Organelles in the Cytoplasm:  Vacuoles – look like bubbles and serve as containers inside the cytoplasm of some cells; may contain food, water, wastes, fats, or chemicals being

63. Typical Parts of Cells  Organelles in the Cytoplasm:  Lysosomes – tiny-enzyme filled capsules; circulate in the cytoplasm and us their enzymes as a demolition crew; dissolve away cellular structures not needed; also help keep foreign invaders out.

64. Typical Parts of Cells  Organelles in the Cytoplasm:  Chloroplasts – ONLY IN PLANT CELLS; contain chlorophyll (which captures energy from sunlight and the energy is then used to make sugar through a process called photosynthesis)

65. Typical Parts of Cells  Organelles in the Cytoplasm:  Nucleus – compact, roundish structure; functions as the control center; contains genetic information of the cell; surrounded by a nuclear membrane; contains chromosomes (composed of DNA)

66. Typical Parts of Cells  Cilia and Flagella  Cilia – short, hair like structures on the outer part of a cell  Flagella – a single, whiplike tail  Both provide for movement  LABEL THE TWO diagrams I gave you on the set of handouts. Look on page 56 for help!

67. Typical Parts of Cells  Cilia and Flagella  Cilia – short, hair like structures on the outer part of a cell  Flagella – a single, whiplike tail  Both provide for movement  LABEL THE TWO diagrams I gave you on the set of handouts. Look on page 56 for help!

68. Cellular Organization  Most cells need other cells to survive  Exception: paramecium; unicellular; feeds itself  Larger organisms divide the functions they need to survive among many cells.  Tissue: a group of cells working together to perform a specific function  Organ: groups of different kinds of tissues that work together to accomplish a particular function  There is a division of labor among the tissues and organs or multicellular organisms

69. Cellular Respiration  Cellular respiration – the breakdown of an energy source (sugar) by cells to obtain useable energy.  This process requires many enzymes, which serve as catalysts  Catalysts – substances that help change other substances without being permanently changed themselves

70. Cellular Respiration  Sugar is the most common energy source in cellular respiration  It takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria  Sugar + oxygen  carbon dioxide, water, and energy.  Two types of cellular respiration:  Aerobic respiration – requires oxygen; make more useable energy  Anaerobic respiration – no oxygen

71. Cellular Respiration  Two types of anaerobic respiration (fermentation):  Alcoholic fermentation  Bread dough rising; leaven; yeast  Lactic acid fermentation  Yogurt, cottage cheese, buttermilk  Muscles – lactic acid build up can cause muscle soreness

72. Photosynthesis  The process that most producer organisms use to change light energy into chemical energy (producer organisms make their own food)  Carbon dioxide + water + light energy  sugar + oxygen  Light is changed to energy (sugar)  Occurs in the chloroplast, which contain chlorophyll  Chlorophyll, a green pigment, that absorbs light energy and uses it to power photosynthesis.

73. Photosynthesis  Chloroplasts:  Have two membranes  Contains things that look like stacks of coins