1. Sudan 2011- “A Ticking Time Bomb”?

3. Sudan Population: 43,939,598 10 th largest country in world (largest in Africa) 2,505,813 km 2 2,505,813 km 2 967,495 sq mi sq mi

5. Civil War and Dislocated People 1956- 1972 and again from 1983 - 2005 2 million killed from Southern Sudan 4 million dislocated Refugees ended up in camps in Ethiopia (until that nation erupted in war) and in Kenya as well as in Darfur and Chad.

6. Lost Boys

7. Salva Dut

8. Landmines Live On Sudan is believed to be one of the ten most heavily mine affected countries in the world.

10. Refugee Camps

11. 2005 Peace Agreement

12. Sudan’s Two Official Languages Article 8: All indigenous languages of Sudan are national languages and shall be respected, developed and promoted. Arabic is a widely spoken national language in Sudan. Arabic, as a major language at the national level and English shall be the official working languages of the national government and the languages of instruction for higher education. In addition to Arabic and English, the legislature of any sub- national level of government may adopt any other national language as an additional official working language at its level. There shall be no discrimination against the use of either Arabic or English at any level of government or stage of education.”

13. Promises to the South Right to greater participation in government Right to a portion of the oil revenues Right to hold a secession referendum in 2011

14. President Omar Al Bashir

15. National Congress Party (NCP)

16. Sudan is now Africa’s third largest producer of arms.

17. Southern Sudan Leadership

18. Sudan People’s Liberation Army Party (SPLA)

19. North Mostly Muslim Coastal access Majority of Sudanese population lives in the north, in urban areas Home to 30.89 million -79% of country) As many as 600,000 (perhaps 1 million) ethnic southerners live in North– some are already moving to the south. South Mostly Christian, or traditional religions 60 ethnic groups (pastoralists to settled farmers) History of being dominated by north, and of resistance. 80% of oil reserves Land-locked Greener One of least developed regions in the world. Low literacy Home to 8.26 million (prob. higher)

20. Oil

21. CHINA

22. Asian Perspective Darfur is a tribal conflict, not a genocide. It is a “problem of development” hence they are investing in water projects, roads, and other infra-structure BUT they bring in their own workers. China’s role includes oil, arms and investment (as well as SC vote)

23. Khartoum– Boom town

25. Chinese Oil Policy Described by locals as “damaging to the environment, economy and people.” “Rape” of local villages– contamination of water supply, destruction of homes, mass forced displacement, and killings of civilian populations. Chinese oil workers now face armed rebellion, kidnappings and killings.

26. Darfur

27. Darfur: Burning of Villages

30. IDP camps in Darfur and Sudan 2.6 million IDP’s in Darfur Over 250,000 in Chad Camps are taking on a permanent nature after five years… Traditional villages burned, wells poisoned

32. April 2010 Elections Omar al-Bashir elected with wide popular in north (Kiir elected in South) Election observers from EU saw election as flawed but Chinese, Egyptian, African Union, and Arab League observers said it was a “model for transparency and honesty.”

33. US Policy In 1997, the United States imposed economic sanctions, prohibiting trade with businesses in Sudan and prohibiting investment in Sudan by U.S. businesses. (followed expulsion of Osama and coup in 1989 but 1991 harsh penal code and terrorist threats) (This has encouraged Sudanese to reach out to Chinese, Malays, and Indians for investment) Some experts refer to Algeria, Pakistan, China and Russia as the "Darfur Four": Each of these four countries has major oil investments in Sudan and has opposed the U.N. Security Council's plans for arms and oil embargoes.

34. Obama Administration Strategy in Sudan Three core principles: 1) Achieving a definitive end to conflict, gross human rights abuses, and genocide in Darfur 2) Implementation of the North-South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that results in a peaceful post-2011 Sudan, or an orderly path toward two separate and viable states at peace with each other 3) Ensuring that Sudan does not provide a safe haven for international terrorists.

35. Voting– The Referendum 4 million ballots were delivered ½ million Southern Sudanese live in the US, many of whom will vote.

36. If the South Chooses Secession A new oil deal needs to be agreed: the bulk of reserves lie in the south but all pipelines run north. The north-south border has to be properly demarcated, cutting through oil producing areas. Citizenship: where do southerners living in the north belong? The future of the border states of Blue Nile and Southern Kordofan (and Abyei): these are areas controlled by the north but with significant support for the south. An agreement on the sharing of the Nile waters needs to be found. Grazing and land rights How to split the $35 billion debt An independent southern Sudan could have an impact on other secessionist movements including those in Darfur. Diversification of economies in South and North

37. What’s Next?