1. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Income effects of alternative cost accumulation systems CHAPTER 8

2. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA 8.1a Absorption and variable costing 1.Absorption costing (also known as full costing) traces all manufacturing costs to products and treats non-manufacturing overheads as a period cost. 2.Variable costing (also known as direct or marginal costing) traces all variable costs to products and treats fixed manufacturing overheads and non-manufacturing overheads as a period cost. 3.Therefore,variable and absorption costing differ in the treatment of fixed manufacturing costs.

3. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA 8.1b Exhibit 1 Absorption and variable costing systems

4. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA 8.1c Exhibit 1 Absorption and variable costing systems

5. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA 8.2

6. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA 8.3 Variable costing statements

7. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA 8.4 Absorption costing statements

8. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA 8.5a Profit comparisons (variable and absorption costing) Profits are the same for both methods when production equals sales (no changes in stock levels) in periods 1 and 4. Where production exceeds sales (increasing stock levels) the absorption costing system produces higher profits in periods 2 and 5. Where sales exceed production (declining stock levels) the variable costing system produces higher profits in periods 3 and 6. With an absorption costing system profits can decline when sales volume increases and costs remain unchanged (e.g. period 6).

9. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA 8.5b Some arguments in support of variable costing Variable costing provides more useful information for decision-making. Variable costing removes from profit the effect of stock changes. Variable costing avoids fixed overheads being capitalized in unsaleable stocks. Some arguments in support of absorption costing Absorption costing does not understate the importance of fixed costs. Absorption costing avoids fictitious losses being reported (e.g. stocks accumulated for seasonal sales). Absorption costing is theoretically superior to variable costing.(Note cost obviation concept favours variable costing, whereas revenue production concept favours absorption costing.)

10. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA 8.6 Conclusions 1.Choice depends on the circumstances. Volatile sales and changing stock levels favour variable costing for internal monthly or quarterly profit measurement. Seasonal sales where stocks are built up in advance favours absorption costing. 2.Debate only applies to internal reporting – SSAP 9 requires that absorption costing is used for external reporting. 3.Debate only applies when historical cost accounting is used.