1. Adaptive Radiation

2. "Adaptive radiation refers to those evolutionary groups that have exhibited an exceptional extent of adaptive diversification into a variety of ecological niches, with such divergence often occurring extremely rapidly." Gavrilets and Losos 2009

3. Adaptive Radiation "Adaptive radiation refers to those evolutionary groups that have exhibited an exceptional extent of adaptive diversification into a variety of ecological niches, with such divergence often occurring extremely rapidly." "Adaptive radiation has two components: the production of new species (speciation) and the adaptation of constituent species to a diversity of ecological niches." Gavrilets and Losos 2009

4. Adaptive Radiation example: Greater Antillean Anolis One species invaded the Northern Caribbean from mainland America millions of years ago This lineage evolved into several species, several ecological and morphological types Some of these 'ecomorphs' evolved multiple times

5. Ecomorph: Suite of ecological, morphological, and behavioral characteristics associated with a particular niche

6. Trunk-crown: Hispaniola Trunk-crown: Cuba Ecomorphs in Anolis lizards

7. Trunk-ground: Hispaniola Trunk-ground: Cuba

8. Crown-giant: Hispaniola Crown-giant: Cuba Ecomorphs in Anolis lizards

9. Trunk: Hispaniola Trunk: Cuba

10. Twig: Hispaniola Twig: Cuba

11. Grass: Hispaniola Grass: Puerto Rico

12. Greater Antillean non ecomorphs or new ecomorphs

14. How to test for adaptive radiation 1"an exceptional extent of adaptive diversification into a variety of ecological niches" Compare morphological and/or ecological diversity among clades variance among species variance among deeper lineages

15. How to test for adaptive radiation 2"the production of new species (speciation)… with such divergence often occurring extremely rapidly" Lineage x time plots: high overall rate? bursts of diversity?

17. When does adaptive radiation occur? Ecological opportunity: "an ancestral species finds itself in an environment in which resources are abundant and underutilized." (Schluter 2000) –Colonization of an underpopulated area (lakes, islands) –Extinction of previously ecologically dominant groups –Key innovation

18. Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Early burst

19. Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Early burst Area effects

20. Early burst Area effects Stages of radiation Patterns of Adaptive Radiation

21. Reconstructing ancestral statestic trees: Adaptation vs. Exaptation

22. Published by AAAS