2. Presentation “CONTROLLED RELEASE FERTILIZERS”ByFaizan Ali(2008-ag-2470)AGR-405Agronomy 7 th

3.  Introduction  History and Objectives  Mode of nutrient release  Classification of CRFs  Advantages of CRFs  Controlled release formulations  Future needs

4. WHAT IS A CONTROL RELEASE FERTILIZER?  A synthetic fertilizer, usually encased in capsules, that releases its nutrients over a specific period of time much the same as a controlled-release drug releases its medicine

5.  Controlled-release is one of the modern application th at has enhanced how fertilizers are used both commercially and by consumers.  Fertilizer use efficiency can be increased by modification of fertilizer products  Chemical or Physical modificatios e.g coated encapsulation  CRFs will bring revolution in Agricultural industry in near future

6. Controlled-Release-Fertilizer

8.  CFRs began to be used in the 1930s  Reguler production started in 1936  CFRs became commercial in mid 1950s  Today used in USA and Japan

9.  70 percent of conventionally applied fertilizer goes unutilized

10.  Loss of nutrients due to volatilization and leaching

11.  Fertilizer run-off in surface water leads to oxygen depletion  Negative environmental impacts  Fertilizer waste through leaching increases farm expenditures  Less fertilizer use efficiency

13. Objectives Increased crop production Increased nutrient application and quality Increased fertilizer use efficiency Reduction of plant toxicity and stress Reduction in pollution of soil, water, atmosp here Reduction of fertilizer application costs

14.  Reduction of topical growth (flush growth) and clippings  Improved agronomic yields  Improved rooting  Improved cell wall strength  Improved soil microorganism health/populations  Retention of desirable color

16.  A Dry mixture of soluble fertilizer and thickener in a non-permeable envelope  Nutrient release in two phases i. water penetrates through opening to wt the mixture ii. Nutrients release the device through pore either by diffusion or connective flows

17. Water Dissolved Urea Solid Urea* Dissolved Urea Water Dissolved Urea Complete Release *Or other nutrient

18. Solid Urea H2OH2O H2OH2O Solid Urea Solid Urea Sulfur Coating H2OH2O Dissolved Urea H2OH2O H 2 O + S

20. Urea NH 4 H2OH2O Urease Root

23.  The three common timing formulas are used 1. Immediate release 2. Intermediate release 3. Long term release

24. SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION a. Organic-N low-solubility compounds b. Fertilizers in which a physical barrier controls the release c. Inorganic low-solubility compounds

25. A. ORGANIC-N LOW-SOLUBILITY COMPOUNDS  Further divided into: I. Biologically decomposing compounds e.g urea-formaldehyde II. Chemically decomposing compounds e.g isobutyledene-diurea

26. B. FERTILIZERS IN WHICH A PHYSICAL BARRIER CONTROLS THE RELEASE  Granules coated by non-permeable material  Material used can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic

27. C. INORGANIC LOW-SOLUBILITY COMPOUNDS Here inorganic material is used for coating e.g:  Metal ammonium phosphates (Mg NH4PO4)  Acidulated phosphates rock

28.  Fertilizer type (solubility, density)  Thickener type  Thickener concentration  Size of device  Temperature of soil  Moisture in the soil

29.  Fertilizer burn is not a problem with CRFs  Less frequent application is required  Easier and precise mechanical application  Reduced capital and labor outlay  Reduced nutrient loss by leaching and run-off  Reduced leaf burn

30.  Flexibility of release periods from 40 to 360 days at 25º C  Reduced seed or seedling damage from high local concentrations of salts  Improved storage and handling properties of fertilizer materials  Product differentiation resulting in improved market potential.

31. MARKET PRICES FOR SLOW-RELEASE FERTILIZERS

32. Market prices of CRFs are high because of:  High prices of the ingredients used for encapsulated/coated products  Low production capacities  significantly higher marketing and sales expenses

33. MARKET PRICES FOR SLOW-RELEASE FERTILIZERS  In the United States encapsulated granular urea is sold at a price of US$ 600.00 to 1 000.00/ton  In Japan polyolefine-coated urea is sold at a price of 150 000 yen (= US$ 1 500.00 per t)  In Western Europe, the average user prices are US$ 700 to 1200 per t.

34. 1.Urea-formaldehyde reaction products:  also known as Nitroform, Ureaform, Methex.  produced in 1936 and commercialized in 1955

35.  Developed in 1960s and 1970s.  Sulfur was used as coated material because of its low cost and value as secondary nutrient

36.  Manufactured inn 1970 in Japan  Polymers are used for high-value application  Most common three marketed products are Nutricote, Osmocote and Polyon 3. Polymer-coated fertilizer

37. Cotrolled Release Fertilizer

38.  Fertilizer granules are heated and treated fatty acid and metal hydroxide  The two react to form a coating of the metal salt of a fatty acid, such as calcium stearate  Substrate coated components are nitrite, urea and triple super phosphate

39. These are hybrid products that utilize a primary coating of Sulfur and secondary polymer-coated fertilizer  These fertilizers were developed to deliver the nutrients at low cost

41.  Very high costs of CRFs  Lack of proper legislation in most parts of the world to restrict the use of soluble fertilizers  Only about 0.15% of the total fertilizers consumption is such products  CRF may be inadequate sources of nutrients in situations with low ambient and soil temperatures

42. FUTURE NEEDS  Issues related to better NUE and a more environment friendly utilization of CRFs deserve greater attention and deeper insights, as listed below:  Improved utilization of advanced technologies to prepare CRFs.  Better understanding of the mechanisms controlling release rate and pattern

43.  Better assessment of expected benefits to the environment by using CRFs  Development of soil degradable coatings  Improved quantification of economic advantages

44. 1. Jacobs, D.F., Bose, R., Hasse, D.L. “Incorporating controlled release fertilizer technology into outplanting”, in National Proceedings. Ogden, 2003, pp. 37-42. 2. Shavit, U., Shaviv, A., Shalit, G., Zaslazvsky, D.,J. Controlled Release, 1997.