1. What is urban geography? Study of how cities function, their internal systems and structure, and the external influences on them.. Variation among cities: internal and external relationships. Key concepts & trends: – Agglomeration: clustering for mutual advantage – Specialization: mfg. Product associated with cities (Sheffield, Milwaukee) – W. Europe:1800, 20%2000, 75% – World: 1800, 3%2000, 55% Urban Geography: Urbanization and Location

3. Von Thunen’s Agricultural Land Use Model: 1. Isolated state 2. Single market at center 3. Market price, p, same for all producers of a given crop 4. Featureless plain 5. Yield per unit acre same everywhere 6. Transportation costs are proportional to distance and invariant to direction 7. Farmers maximize profits Rural Geography (Ch.14 pp. 199-201)

4. Symbolic model: LR = Y (p-c) - Ytd Rural Geography (Ch.14 pp. 199-201)

6. Urbanization in the 1990s Urban population as a percent of total population (Fig. 18.6) – low-levels in Sub-Saharan Africa – Variation in urbanization in Southwest Asia/North Africa – Low urbanization in South Asia – Singapore 100 percent urban – Pacific Rim: only Japan, S. Korea, and Taiwan are highly urbanized. Urban Geography: Urbanization and Location

8. Urbanization in the 1990s Distribution of Great World Cities (Fig. 18.7) – Western Europe, N. America, E. Asia – Regional megalopolis in S. Florida – Urban complex in Germany’s Ruhr-Rhine zone – Randstad in Netherlands – megalopolitan development in Japan. Urban Geography: Urbanization and Location

10. Urbanization in the 1990s Megacities – Many of largest cities in poorer countries – By 2025, 15 cities with more than 20 million. – Stand alone cities in developing countries – Conurbations in developed countries – By 2025 New York will no longer be among the world’s 10 largest cities. – Fast growing cities in Asia, Africa, and South America Urban Geography: Urbanization and Location

11. Intraurban Spatial Organization Technology and urban form John Borchart’s Evolutionary Epochs – Sail-Wagon (1790-1830) – Iron Horse (1830-1870) – Steel-Rail (1870-1920) – Auto-Air-Amenity (1920-1970) – High-tech (1970-?) Urban Geography: Urban Pattern and Structure

12. Urban Geography: Urbanization and Location Clarke Urban Growth Model output of model run on Santa Barbara Green = Current Urban Light Blue = Predicted Urban Royal Blue = Excluded Yellow = Roads Red = Other

13. Central Place Theory – Centrality – Threshold: min. population for normal profits – Range: distance consumer is willing to travel to purchase product. Delivered Price Distance Demand Distance Demand Price Urban Geography: Urban Pattern and Structure

14. Central Place Theory (cont.) – Excess ProfitsSpatial Competition, Equilibrium – Central place hierarchy, ordering, nesting Threshold Range Urban Geography: Urban Pattern and Structure

15. Central Place Theory (cont.) – Assumptions: > Uniform spatial distribution of population/income > Isotropic transport surface > Consumers patronize nearest store > No excess profits (range=threshold) – Hexagonal trade areas of central place theory Urban Geography: Urban Pattern and Structure

16. Spatial Competition:

17. Urban Geography: Urban Pattern and Structure

19. Central Place Theory (cont.) – Relax Assumptions: > Population/income variation > Transport surface > Consumer behavior > Profits Urban Geography: Urban Pattern and Structure

20. Central Place Theory (cont.) > Application to retail and settlement patterns. > Do cities of similar size have approximately equal spacing? > Encarta... Urban Geography: Urban Pattern and Structure

21. Functional structure CBD, central city, suburb Urban Ecology: Classic Models > Concentric Zone: Burgess (1920s) > Sector Model: Hoyt (1930s) > Multiple Nuclei: Harris and Ulman (1940s) Urban Geography: Urban Pattern and Structure

26. Economic Base and the Base Multiplier Basic and non-basic sector Defining the base multiplier Example: Raytheon Urban Geography: Urban Pattern and Structure