1. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chapter 22: Real Property and Land-Use Control © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

2. The Nature of Real Property  Real property is immovable and includes: Land and Structures: land includes the soil, and all natural and artificial structures on it (unless agreed otherwise).  2

3. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. The Nature of Real Property  Real property is immovable and includes (cont’d): Airspace and Subsurface Rights: subsurface rights can be titled and sold separately. Plant Life and Vegetation: crops can be sold separately. 3

4. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. The Nature of Real Property  Real property is immovable and includes (cont’d): Fixtures: personal property so closely attached to real property, that the law considers it to be real property. CASE 22.1 APL L IMITED V. S TATE OF W ASHINGTON D EPARTMENT OF R EVENUE (2010). CASE 22.1 APL L IMITED V. S TATE OF W ASHINGTON D EPARTMENT OF R EVENUE (2010). What was the key factor in this case? 4

5. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Ownership and Other Interests in Real Property  Ownership in Fee Simple. Gives the owner the greatest aggregation of rights, powers and privileges possible under American law. Owner has indefinite right to exclusive possession and use of property. Nuisance: interference with another’s right to use and enjoy his property. 5

6. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Life Estates. Estate that lasts for the life of some specified individual. During life tenant’s ownership, she can possess, use, and take the fruits of the estate, but not take from the property itself. Ownership and Other Interests in Real Property 6

7. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Nonpossessory Interests. Easement: right of a person to make limited use of another person's real property without taking anything from the property. Profit: right to go onto another’s land and take away some part of the land itself or some product of the land.  Ownership and Other Interests in Real Property 7

8. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Nonpossessory Interests. Easement or Profit Appurtenant: Owner of property (dominant) has right to go onto adjacent property (servient). Easement goes with the land at sale or transfer.  Ownership and Other Interests in Real Property 8

9. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Nonpossessory Interests. Easement or Profit in Gross: Right to go onto non-adjacent property by business or utility company. Easement goes with the land at sale or transfer. Ownership and Other Interests in Real Property 9

10. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Nonpossessory Interests. Creation of an Easement or Profit: Must be in writing created by deed, contract, or will. Can be created by implication. Can be created by necessity. Can be created by prescription. Ownership and Other Interests in Real Property 10

11. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Nonpossessory Interests. Termination of an Easement or Profit: Nonuse with intent to abandon. License: Revocable right of a person to come onto other person’s land. Grants no interest in the land. Ownership and Other Interests in Real Property 11

12. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Real Estate Sales Contracts: must be in writing and signed, to be enforceable under the Statute of Frauds. Contingencies. Closing Date and Escrow. Implied Warranty of Habitability. Seller’s Duty to Disclose Hidden Defects. Transfer of Ownership 12

13. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Deeds: written instrument used to transfer interests in real estate. Necessary components: Names of Grantor and Grantee. Words evidencing intent to convey. Legally sufficient description. Grantor’s Signature. Delivery of the Deed. Transfer of Ownership 13

14. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Types of Deeds: Warranty Deeds. Special Warranty Deed. Quitclaim Deed. Grant Deed. Sheriff’s Deed. Transfer of Ownership 14

15. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Deeds. Recording Statutes. Recording a deed (or any interest in real property) puts the public on notice of the new owner’s interest in the land and prevents the previous owner from fraudulently conveying the same interest to another buyer.  Transfer of Ownership 15

16. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Will or Inheritance. Passed at owner’s death.  Adverse Possession. Occurs when one person possesses the property of another for a certain statutory period of time, that person automatically acquires title to the land, just as if there had been a conveyance by deed.  Transfer of Ownership 16

17. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Adverse Possession. Must be: Actual and Exclusive, Open, visible and notorious, Continuous and peaceable, Hostile and adverse. CASE 22.2 S CARBOROUGH V. R OLLINS (2010). CASE 22.2 S CARBOROUGH V. R OLLINS (2010). What was the key factor in Rollins’ proof of title to the land? Transfer of Ownership 17

18. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Rights in property are constrained by federal, state, and local laws.  Eminent Domain. The Fifth Amendment gives the government the right to take (condemn) private land for “public use” with just compensation to owner.  Limitations on the Rights of Property Owners 18

19. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Eminent Domain (cont’d). CASE 22.3 T OWN OF M IDLAND V. M ORRIS (2011). CASE 22.3 T OWN OF M IDLAND V. M ORRIS (2011). Is it fair that a city can exercise its eminent domain powers to take private property that will not immediately benefit the city’s residents? Limitations on the Rights of Property Owners 19

20. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Restrictive Covenants. A private restriction on the use of land and is generally binding on the purchaser of the land because it “runs with the land” as stated in the deed.  Inverse Condemnation. Government takes land without paying compensation at all. Limitations on the Rights of Property Owners 20

21. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Created when owner or lessor conveys right to possess or use the property to a lessee (tenant) for period of time.  Fixed-Term Tenancy (or Tenancy for Years): express contact for specified period of time.  Leasehold Estates 21

22. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Periodic Tenancy: no definite duration, but rent paid at certain intervals.  Tenancy at Will: termination of lease without notice.  Tenancy at Sufferance: tenant wrongfully possesses property. Leasehold Estates 22

23. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Landlord-Tenant Relationships  Lease Agreement can be oral or written (oral may not be enforceable).  Lease gives Tenant the temporary right to exclusively possess the property. 23

24. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Landlord-Tenant Relationships  Rights and Duties. Possession: tenant has “covenant of quiet enjoyment.” Landlord has a duty to deliver actual (or right to) physical possession. Eviction: landlord interferes with tenant’s right to possession. Constructive eviction: landlord fails to perform duties under the lease, making use of premises impossible. 24

25. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Landlord-Tenant Relationships  Rights and Duties (continued). Use and Maintenance of the Premises. Tenant is responsible for damages to property, and cannot be a nuisance and interfere with others quiet use of property. Landlord is responsible to maintain common areas such as stairs, pools, and elevators. 25

26. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Landlord-Tenant Relationships  Rights and Duties (continued). Implied Warranty of Habitability: premises are safe and habitable for humans to live in. Landlord is responsible to keep leased premises in good repair. Rent: rent can be withheld but it must be put into escrow pending repairs. 26

27. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Landlord-Tenant Relationships  Transferring Rights to Leased Property. Assignment: lessee can transfer lease to assignee, if allowable under lease. Assignor is still liable for rent. Sublease: tenant transfers all or part of premises for less than duration of lease. 27

28. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Landlord-Tenant Relationships  Termination of the Lease. Usually a lease terminates when its term ends, and landlord retakes possession. Release and Merger—Tenant becomes owner, needs writing. Surrender By Agreement—Parties agree to terminate early, need writing. 28

29. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Landlord-Tenant Relationships  Termination of the Lease. (cont’d) Abandonment—Tenant abandons; automatic termination, no writing required. Landlord is required to mitigate her damages and rent the property. 29

30. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Land-Use Control  Zoning Laws. Purpose and Scope of Zoning Laws. Permissible Uses of Land: residential, commercial, and industrial. Other Zoning Restrictions: residential areas. 30

31. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Land-Use Control  Exceptions to Zoning Laws. Variances: allows exception to the zoning rules. Special-Use Permits. Special Incentives: encourages development, usually by tax incentives and abatements. 31