1. Malnutrition Sources: The World Food Problem Leathers & Foster, 2009 The Omnivore’s Dilemma Michael Pollan, 2006 http://www.amazon.com/World-Food-Problem-Toward- Undernutrition/dp/1588266389

2. Malnutrition Undernutrition –Lack of nutrients Calories Protein Micronutrients –Low income countries Overnutrition –Obesity Too many calories –High and middle income countries http://i105.photobucket.com/albums/m203/sspasha/Malnutrition.jpg

3. Undernutrition –Secondary Malnutrition –Micronutrient Malnutrition –Protein Energy Malnutrition Most important Severe Protein Energy Malnutrition http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/seminar/2002/tech/ma lnutrition.jpg

4. Global Undernutrition http://paperdreamer.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/world_hunger_map.jpg

5. Secondary Malnutrition Diet normal Food not digested or absorbed –Diarrhea –Parasites Tapeworm

6. Micronutrient Malnutrition Deficiency in: –Vitamin A –Iodine –Iron –Zinc –Calcium –Vitamin D –B Vitamins –Vitamin C Rickets (Vitamin D deficiency) http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/rickets.jpg

7. Vitamin A Deficiency Night Blindness –500,000 children/year –xerophthalmia Half of these will die –within a year of becoming blind Rice diet lacking green vegetables –Vitamin supplements help: cost $3/year –Golden Rice could help http://www.vitaminsdiary.com/UserFiles/Image/keratomalacia.jpg xerophthalmia

8. Vitamin A Deficiency http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vitamin_A_deficiency.PNG/800px-Vitamin_A_deficiency.PNG

9. Iodine Deficiency Iodine deficiency –affects 740 million people worldwide –single greatest cause of preventable brain damage in babies –Goiter –Stillbirth –Miscarriages –Mental Retardation Prevented by iodized salt Best sources of natural iodine –Sea weed –Sea food Goiter (thyroid enlargement) http://www.voanews.com/english/images/emory_edu_goiter_Iodine_Deficiency_Disorder _195_eng_11may06_0.jpg

10. 38 million newborns are not protected from iodine deficiency http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.unicef.org/progressforchildren/2007n6/images/pfc6_sources_of_data_used_in_unicef_analysis_2000- 2006.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.unicef.org/progressforchildren/2007n6/index_41796.htm&h=361&w=600&sz=20&hl=en&start=75&sig2=xIUDzxMbqzKvhSoLjqx6cw&um=1&tbnid=AHRtpUj1tsOS5M:&tbnh=81&t bnw=135&ei=AptlSJ6DD6fuigHGy4y7Cw&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dunicef%26start%3D60%26ndsp%3D20%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1B3GGGL_enUS240US242%26sa%3DN

11. Iron Deficiency Anemia Affects 2 billion people, 90% live in developing countries –39% of preschool children –52% of pregnant women Reduced –physical activity –mental activity Increased –birth mortality –Worms –Malaria –HIV High iron rice could help http://www.micronutrient.org/reports/images/Page16Image.jpg

12. Other Deficiencies Zinc –Growth retardation – delayed sexual maturation – skin and eye lesions –48% of world at risk for zinc deficiency Calcium –Osteoporosis: bone loss Vitamin D –Rickets: bone malformation Not enough sunlight exposure: –Swaddled babies http://www.ulanbatoronline.org/cammp_section/article_images_lamc_lati mes/scans/latimes_images/thumbnails/babyswaddle.jpg Swaddled babies at risk for Rickets: not enough sunlight

13. Other Deficiencies Vitamin C –Causes Scurvy: problem in refugee camps Niacin –Causes Pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia –Due to diet high in maize (low in tryptophan) Thiamin –Causes Beriberi –Due to diet high in polished rice Folate –Birth defects: Anancephaly and Spina Bifida http://www.athropolis.com/arctic-facts/misc/scurvy.jpg Scurvy

14. Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Underconsumption of calories or protein Most important form of malnutrition Associated with poverty –Not enough food –Poor quality food Kwashiorkor –Extreme protein deficiency Marasmus –Extreme calorie deficiency Kwashiorkor

15. Protein deficiency often associated with weaning onto thin cereal gruels. –Cassava –Plantains Bloating of the stomach due to edema –Fluid leaking into body –Wasted muscles Antibodies degraded to provide protein to body –Infection –Dysentery –Death http://www.imageenvision.com/md2/sym_0004-0703-1422- 2622_nurse_standing_with_a_group_of_african_children_showing_symptoms_of_the_protein -deficiency_disease_kwashiorkor.jpg

16. Marasmus Calorie deficiency –Lack of food –Poorest populations –Neglected Infants children Protein used for energy Results in wasting –Deterioration of tissues Brain development impaired

17. Impact of Undernutrition

18. Overnutrition Consumption of too many calories –Obesity Medical problems –Heart disease –Diabetes –Cancer http://www.mercola.com/images/blog/2005/01.01.junkfood.gif

19. Overnutrition Global problem –Overnutrition has surpassed undernutrition Worst in middle and high income countries Rising in low income countries –Can co-exist with undernutrition Same country Same household –Projected to get worse as incomes rise Industrial food –High in calories http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/05/16/article-0-064EFCA50000044D-848_468x296.jpg

20. Industrial Food Economies of scale –Industrial agriculture Commodity grains –Factory farm animals Confinement Processing –White flour –Corn and soy ingredients Low Prices –Must sell more Supersizing Fat and sugar added New products http://www.salembargains.com/Images/Cereal-Aisle2.jpg

21. Global Overnutrition http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolpda/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_7151000/7151813.stm

22. Global Overnutrition http://www.fao.org/FOCUS/E/obesity/obes1.htmhttp://www.fao.org/FOCUS/E/obesity/obes3.htm

23. Overnutrition in the USA Overweight population –2/3 of adults –1/3 of children Reasons –Excess fat, sugar in diet –Not enough fiber –Sedentary lifestyle Poor are overweight –Industrial food inexpensive Fast food Processed Energy dense –Fruits, vegetables more expensive http://www.epidemiologic.org/obesity/obesity-epidemic2004-msn-small.JPG

24. http://www.geographyalltheway.com/ib_geography/ib_resources/imagesetc/obesity_poverty.jpg

25. Overnutrition rising in developing countries Increase in global food market –Industrial food Urbanization –Fast Food Diet change –Decline in traditional diet –Increased meat http://www.fao.org/FOCUS/E/obesity/obes2.htm

26. Calorie consumption

27. Balanced Protein Protein are made of amino acids Essential amino acids –Body cannot make –Required in diet Animal proteins have perfect balance of amino acids –Meat –Milk –Eggs http://www.ibabuzz.com/allyoucaneat/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/eggs.jpg

28. Complementing Proteins Plant proteins –are deficient in different essential amino acids Cereals –Low in lysine Beans –Low in methionine Must eat both cereal and beans together –To get balanced amino acids –Complementing proteins Rice and Beans http://www.d16acbl.org/U174/black%20beans.jpg

29. Calorie Deficiency Most widespread problem among poor Cannot get enough calories (energy) in diet –Most get enough protein Calorie requirements vary –Age –Sex –Pregnancy –Lactation

30. Nutritional Needs RDA –Recommended Dietary Allowance –Level of nutrients adequate for 97-98% of the group –Good target for individuals EAR –Estimated Average Requirement –Level of nutrients adequate for ½ individuals in group –Always lower than RDA –Good target for average intake of a group http://www.fda.gov/diabetes/pyramid.gif