1. Brain

2. Major parts of brain 1. Brain stem – continuous with spinal cord; includes: 1.medulla oblongata- most inferior; a hard blow can be fatal; responsible for heart rate, breathing, reflexes: vomiting, coughing, swallowing, hiccupping, sneezing 2.Pons – superior to medulla; a “bridge” 3.Midbrain – reflex center for eyes/ears (tracking moving things/startle reflex), a “bridge” WHAT 2 THINGS DOES THE PONS CONNECT? CAN YOU DESCRIBE THE NEURAL PATHWAY FOR “TRACKING”?

4. 2. cerebellum: regulates posture and balance.

5. 3. Diencephalon Includes: 1. thalamus – “bridge” 2. hypothalamus – inferior to thalamus; major regulator of homeostasis (monitor glucose levels, hunger/thirst, control of body temp, sleep patterns, drives/emotions) 3. epithalamus – contains pineal gland

8. 4. cerebrum “seat of intelligence”; speech, memory, logical and emotional response, interpretation of sensation, voluntary movements Lobes: parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital

10. Protection of the brain 1. Cranium 2. Meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

11. 3. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) – tight junctions of brain capillary cells preventing permeability of many substances (lipid soluble substances – O2, CO2, alcohols can cross)

12. 4. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): shock- absorbing medium and allows exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and nervous tissue

14. What are the parts of the diencephalon? a.Midbrain, thalamus, pons b.Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus c.Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata d.Cerebellum, midbrain, brainstem

15. What are the parts of the brainstem? a.Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain b.Diencephalon, pons, cerebellum c.Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus d.Pineal body, pituitary gland, cerebral aqueduct

16. What is the overall function of the brainstem? a.Processing/interpreting information b.Timing of skeletal muscles/coordination c.Producing CSF d.Controlling vital signs

17. What is the order of meninges from CLOSEST to the brain to the skull (from deep to superficial)? a.Arachnoid mater, pia mater, dura mater b.Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater c.Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater d.Pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater

19. Cerebrum anatomy Cerebral hemispheres: right and left Cerebral cortex: outer rim of gray matter Gyri: folds of brain Fissures: deepest grooves (longitudinal fissure – separates right and left hemispheres) Sulci: shallower grooves

20. Lobes of cerebrum frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital Separated by different sulci (ex: central sulcus separates frontal and parietal lobes) 2 main gyri: –precentral gyrus- anterior to central sulcus; part of frontal lobe; primary motor area (voluntary muscle contractions) –Postcentral gyrus – posterior to central sulcus; part of parietal lobe; primary somatosensory area (pain, touch, temperature, tickle, itch, etc)