1. floods
Mai Matsubayashi
Saho Minamiura

2. What are floods? Floods are caused by heavy rainfall.
There are three types.
①　　　　　　　　②　　　　　　　　　③
reverine floods 　 estuarine floods coastal floods
①This is the most common type of flooding. When the actual amount of river flow is larger than the amount that the channel can hold, the river will overflow its banks and flood the areas alongside the river. And this may be caused by reasons like snow melt or heavy spring rain.
②In most urban areas, roads are usually paved. With heavy rain, the large amount of rain water cannot be absorbed into the ground and leads to urban floods.
③Coastal Floods usually occur along coastal areas. When there are hurricanes and tropical storms which produce heavy rains, or giant tidal waves created by volcanoes or earthquakes, ocean water may be driven onto the coastal areas and cause coastal floods.

3. How to prepare
Predict what kind of floods will happen and think of measures.
Reinforce embankments.
Prepare emergency goods.
Turn off the supply of gas.
Learn where shelters are.
We’ll explain how to prepare for a flood.
・ Predict what kind of floods will happen and think of appropriate measures.
・ Reinforce embankments.
・ Prepare goods to use in case of an emergency. For example, drinking water, flashlights and batteries.
・ We must turn off the gas supply to prevent fires or gas leaks.
・ We should learn where shelters are. Plan a safe route from your house to the shelter.
About super embankment.
A super embankment is a “high standard embankment”.
According to Japanese law concerning rivers article 6, Super embankment is said to be an embankment which can stand up to floods which exceed the highest estimated volume of flood water during a disaster.
Super Embankment

4. During a flood × Pay attention to what the people around you say.
Take shelter.
①Give priority to old people, children and sick people
②Wear clothes which are easy to move in.
③Move around in groups of at least two people
④Don’t use cars
During floods
・Pay attention to what the people around you say, especially police, fire and civil defense officers.
・ Take shelter in an emergency center or in high ground.
①Give priority to old people, children and sick people
②Wear clothes which are easy to move in.
③Move around in groups of at least two people.
④Don’t use cars. If you use a car, it is dangerous and you may get trapped in your car!! ×

5. After the flood
Avoid moving water and stay out of any building if it is surrounded by flood waters.
Disinfect everything that got wet.
Be very careful because there may be hidden damage.
Be aware of areas where floodwaters have receded.
Next, after floods
・ Avoid moving water and staying out of any building if it is surrounded by flood waters.
・ Disinfect everything that got wet. Dirty water and clean water often get mixed during a flood, so previously clean water may not be hygienic.
・ Use much caution because there may be hidden damage.
・ Be aware of areas where floodwaters have receded. The ground may be soft and slippery. Also if it starts raining again rapid flooding may occur in those areas.

6. History ① In Japan ② In the USA ① ② Heavy rain in Mie Prefecture
Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans
①　　　　　　　　　　　　　　②
On September 4, 2004, at about 7:07 p.m., an earthquake with a seismic intensity of 5 happened in the Kinki area.
A tsunami 50 centimeters high happened at about 7:20 p.m. in southern Mie Prefecture .
The epicenter of the magnitude 6.8 earthquake was in the ocean near the Kie Peninsula
In 2005, at the end of August hurricane Katrina struck America.
This is said to be the worst hurricane in America history.
80% of the city of New Orleans was submerged.
Hurricane Katrina had a maximum instantaneous wind velocity of 54m/s.
In Japan this would be classified as a fierce hurricane

7. The Future
Spread consciousness about protection against the bad effects of disasters
Practice drills at a local level
Establish systems for data communication in disasters
Preparing cities so they are less susceptible to flooding
Basin control
Create controls for the reduction of damage
Reinforcement of system for flood control
Disaster emergency control
Finally, we’ll show you what we should do in the future.
Spread consciousness about protection against the bad effects of disasters
Practice drills at a local level
Establish systems for data communication in disasters
Preparing cities so they are less susceptible to flooding
Basin control
Create controls for the reduction of damage
Reinforcement of system for flood control
Disaster emergency control

8. the END