1. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition

2. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Unit XX Choral and Dramatic Music in the Nineteenth Century “God sent his singers upon earth with songs of sadness and of mirth.” —Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

3. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition 56. Romantic Choral Music Increased popularity Choral music societies as artistic outlet Part songs, oratorio, Mass, Requiem Mass Repetition helps lead to understanding “The oldest, truest, most beautiful organ of music, the origin to which our music owes its being, is the human voice.”—Richard Wagner Beethoven: King Stephan final chorus Richard Wagner

4. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Brahms: A German Requiem (Listening Guide) Protestant tradition - console the living Old Testament & New Testament text Written after death of Robert Schumann and Brahms’s mother Soloists, four-part chorus, and orchestra Robert Schumann Johannes Brahms

5. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Brahms: A German Requiem (Listening Guide) 7 movements, arch form Connections between movements: –1 and 7 –2 and 6 –3 and 5 I II III IV V VI VII

6. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Brahms: A German Requiem (Listening Guide) Fourth movement chorus, “How lovely is thy dwelling place…” Centerpiece of work Psalm 84 Form: A-B-A’-C-A’ Listening Guide PDF I II III IV V VI VII

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9. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition 57. Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel and the Romantic Part Song Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel (1805-1847) Pianist, composer, older sister of Felix –Encouraged (as a female) not to pursue music as a career Participated in salon concerts at parent's home After her mother's death Fanny took over the concerts Died suddenly of a apoplectic stroke in 1847

10. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel: Under the Greenwood Tree (Listening Guide) Four-voice part song A cappella Text drawn from Shakespeare's As You Like It Strophic, with two verses Chorus "Come hither" follows each verse Changing textures provide interest LISTENING GUIDE PDF

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12. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition

13. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition 58. Romantic Opera Basic emotions with an elemental force Logic of reality “I have never encountered anything more false and foolish than the effort to get truth into opera. In opera everything is based upon the untrue.” —Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky Rossini: The Barber of Seville

14. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition The Development of National Styles France Grand opera Opéra comique Germany Singspiel Italy Opera seria Opera buffa Bel canto singing style Lyric opera Music drama

15. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Exoticism in Opera Music evokes faraway locale Verdi: Aida Puccini: Madame Butterfly

16. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Women in Opera Visibility for women composers: –Louise Bertin La Esmerelda And singers –Jenny Lind (1820–1887) –Maria Malibran (1808–1836) –Pauline Viardot (1821–1910) Bizet: Carmen, “Habanera”

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18. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition

19. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition 59. Verdi and Italian Opera 28 operas Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901) Italian composer Patriotic, nationalistic works Composed successfully until age 80 Died at 87 National hero Verdi: Requiem, “Dies irae”

20. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Verdi’s Music Melody above all Three compositional periods Early period: Macbeth, Rigoletto, Il trovatore, La traviata Middle period (French grand opera): A Masked Ball, The Force of Destiny, Don Carlos Final period: Aida, Otello, Falstaff Verdi. Règoletto, “La donna e mobile”

21. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Verdi: Rigoletto (Listening Guide) Victor Hugo’s The King Is Amused (Le roi s’amuse) Libretto by Francesco Piave Seduction and deceit, with a tragic end Popular moments from Act III: –Tenor aria, “La donna è mobile” Strophic – Quartet, “Un dì” 4 characters/emotions Listening Guide PDF

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23. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition

24. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition 60. Wagner and the Music Drama Richard Wagner (1813–1883) German composer Career in Dresden –Grand operas, nationalistic operas Failed revolution in 1849 Exile in Switzerland –Music drama Wagner: Die Walküre (leitmotif: idea)

25. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Wagner and the Music Drama Festival Theater at Bayreuth –Performance space for music dramas Summoned back to Germany –Ludwig II Married Cosima Liszt Last work: Parsifal Died at age 70 Wagner: Die Walküre (leitmotif: landscape)

26. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Wagner’s Music “Endless melody” Total artwork (Gesamtkunstwerk) Orchestra as unifying element –Leitmotifs –Chromatic dissonance “True drama can be conceived only as resulting from the collective impulse of all the arts to communicate in the most immediate way with a collective public… Thus especially the art of tone, developed with such singular diversity in instrumental music, will realize in the collective artwork its richest potential… For in its isolation music has formed itself an organ capable of the most immeasurable expression — the orchestra.” — Richard Wagner

27. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Wagner: Die Walküre The Ring of the Nibelung –Gold in the Rhine River –Rhine Maidens Cycle: Das Rheingold, Die Walküre, Siegfried, Götterdämmerung Libretto from Norse sagas & medieval German epic poem, the Nibelungenlied Wagner: Die Walküre (leitmotif: object)

28. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Wagner: Die Walküre (Listening Guide) Act III (Finale) of Die Walküre Leitmotifs: –slumber –magic sleep –magic fire –Siegfried Listening Guide PDF

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30. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition

31. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition 61. Puccini and Late Romantic Opera Post-Romantic Italian composers (verisimo movement): Giacomo Puccini Ruggero Leoncavallo Pietro Mascagni Leoncavallo Puccini

32. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Giacomo Puccini (1858–1924) Italian composer Early operatic successes: –Manon Lescaut –La bohème –Tosca –Madame Butterfly Last work, Turandot left unfinished Died in 1924 of a heart attack

33. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Puccini: Madame Butterfly (Listening Guide) Verismo and exoticism Inspired by performance of a play Disastrous premiere Revised version Central tragic-heroic character: geisha Cio-Cio-San Act II, Cio-Cio-San’s aria “Un bel dì” describes desire for her lover’s return Listening Guide PDF

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35. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition

36. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition 62. Tchaikovsky and the Ballet Part of a larger work intermedio masque ballet de cour Independent art form, especially in France and Russia. Ballet: Past and Present Renaissance18th Century

37. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition 19th-Century Russian Ballet (Czar’s Court) Marius Petipa (St. Petersburg) Pas de deux Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker, “Pas de deux”

38. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Early 20th Century Ballet: Serge Diaghilev (1872–1929) Ballets Russes Dancers: Vaslav Nijinksy and Tamara Karsavina Set artists: Picasso and Braque Composer: Igor Stravinsky Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, “Sacrificial Dance”

39. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–1893) Russian composer End-of-the-century pessimism –Sexual identity –Antonina Milyukova Nadezhda von Meck Carnegie Hall in New York (1891) Died suddenly at age 53 Piano Concerto No. 1, III

40. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Tchaikovsky Popular Ballets –Swan Lake –Sleeping Beauty –The Nutcracker

41. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker (Listening Guide) The Nutcracker by E. T. A. Hoffmann –Christmas tale: Clara and her gift of a nutcracker –March, Act I –Celesta Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy –“Exotic” dances Arab, Chinese, Trepak Listening Guide PDF

42. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition www.wwnorton.com/enjoy