2. Respiratory System Topic Outline: Structure Function Control of breathing Pathologies

3. Structure of the

4. Mucous secreting cells “Goblet Cells”

6. Look closely at the cells of the alveolus.

7. Surfactant water tension in the alveolus Water tension

8. Diseases & gas exchange:  Emphysema  Fibrotic Lung  Pulmonary edema  Asthma  Compliance (easy to stretch) versus elastance

10. Pressure and Ventilation

11. 1 2

12. Helps us understand how air gets in and out of the lungs.

13. Important Functions of Respiratory System

14. Oxygen (O 2 ) and Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Transport and Exchange To the board!

15. One more time!

16. Breathing and Control of Respiration

17. Why does air move in and out of our lungs?

18. Lung volumes change with muscle contraction

19. Multiple Muscles of the Thoracic cavity assist us in breathing.

20. What happens if you puncture your lung?

21. Lung Volumes Measurement

22. The amount of air we breathe can be measured

24. How much air we breathe depends on many factors…

25. For example: Oxygen binding to Hb A well studied curve

26. Oxygen Affinity Decreases for Hb as Body temperature increases pH decreases CO 2 increases DPG increases

27. Now look at the curves!

28. Regulation of Ventilation

29. The mid-brain gets messages from Aortic bodies Carotid bodies Peripheral chemo-receptors Both of these are Sensitive to O 2, CO2 and pH

30. Hypothetical Peripheral receptor

31. Peripheral chemo-receptors talk to central neurons

32. Central Pattern Generator (medulla oblongata) Dorsal Regulatory Group Ventral Regulatory Group Inspiratory neurons Active inspiratory neurons & Active Expiratory neurons

33. The brain also has its own chemoreceptors also in the medulla.

35. Summary of ventilation control Oh, no!

37. Normal and Diseased Lung Emphysema Pneumonia

38. Lung Cancer Lung cancer is responsible for the most cancer deaths in both men and women throughout the world. The American Cancer Society estimates that 173,770 new cases of lung cancer in the U.S. will be diagnosed and 160,440 deaths due to lung cancer will occur in 2004.

39. Normal Lungs Lung Cancer

40. Risk Factors Air pollutionHigh risk occupations AsbestosRadon Gas

41. Types of Lung Cancer Small Cell Lung Cancer Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer  Adenocarcinomas  Squamous cell carinomas  Large cell carcinoma

42. Treatment & Prevention Prevention is the key decreasing the number of lung cancer patients. Treatment may include: (not all types of lung cancer respond equally to treatment regimes)  Radiation therapy  Surgery  Chemotherapy Treatment is often difficult and may not be successful.