1. Plant Cell Plants are: Eukaryotic Autotrophic Multicellular Cell walls of cellulose

2. Vocabulary: - vascular – refers to an internal system of tubes or vessels to transport materials throughout the plant; basis or first major division of plants into bryophytes and tracheophytes; includes: - xylem – transports water and minerals up from the roots to the shoots - phloem – transports sugar (food) down from the leaves to the rest of the plant

3. Xylem brings water up from the roots to the shoots

4. Phloem carries sugar (food) down from leaves throughout the plant

5. Bryophytes – nonvascular plants Examples include: MossHornwort Liverworts 20 mm

6. Bryophytes – nonvascular plants - economically important Ex) sphagnum moss – also called peat or peat moss Grows in boggy areas called peat bogs; extremely absorbant; used in agriculture/horticulture

7. Vocabulary Seed – adaptation to terrestrial life composed of a plant embryo, stored food, and a protective coat Seed dispersal by edible fruit, by wind, as well as other means. The picture to the right is of a samara from a maple tree. Which is a monocot and which is a dicot? How do you know?

8. Tracheophytes – vascular plants Seedless plants –whiskferns, horsetails, and ferns Whisk fern horsetail fern

9. Seedless vascular plants: Ferns - reproduce with spores - diagram shows spores growing in clusters called sori on the back of the frond of the fern

10. Seedless vascular plants dominated during the Carboniferous period.

11. Vocabulary Cone – reproductive structure of gymnosperms; contains pollen in males and ovules in females Flower – reproductive structure of angiosperms composed of 4 sets of modified leaves Fruit – mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal

12. Ovulate cone from a pinetree (female) Staminate cone from a pinetree (male)

13. Tracheophytes – vascular plants cont. Seed plants Gymnosperms – have seeds in cones; include: ginkgos, cycads, gnetophytes, and conifers Ginkgo Cycad

14. Welwitschia GnetumEphedra Gymnosperms called gnetophytes; only 3 extant species

15. Conifers: top row: Douglas fir, Sequoia, Cypress; bottom row: juniper, Australian pine tree; not shown: yew, spruce, other pines

16. Tracheophytes – vascular plants cont * Seed plants Angiosperms – flowering plants - have flowers, fruits, and seeds

17. Grasses are flowering plants, too. So are trees. Grass flowers

18. Flower pistil (female) (male) http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/flowers/star lily/star.html

19. Ovaries with ovules become fruits with seeds after the ovule (egg) is fertilized by sperm from the pollen

20. Pollen grains contain sperm. They are produced in the anthers of the flowers in angiosperms.

21. Pollination - by many vectors, including: Wind Water Animals

22. Fruit or Veggie Humans eat lots of different plant parts. A fruit is the ripened ovary and contains seeds. Therefore, tomatoes, peppers, squash, olives, and cucumbers are fruits, not vegetables.

23. Vegetables – the vegetative parts of the plants that we eat. Includes: Roots – carrots, turnips,radishes Stems – celery, bok choi, rhubarb, garlic, broccoli, onions, potatoes Leaves – lettuce, cabbage, parsley Other plant parts that we eat: Seeds – pinto beans, peas, sunflower seeds, corn, pepper corns, rice, pecans, coconut Flowers – anise flowers (licorice), basil; http://homecooking.about.com/library/weekly/blflowers.htm http://homecooking.about.com/library/weekly/blflowers.htm Good rule of thumb: if you didn’t get it at the store, DON’T EAT IT!

24. We don’t just eat plants, we also wear them, build with them, and use them for medicines!

26. Plant Structure & Function

27. Each plant part - root, stem, leaf - has a specific role in keeping the plant alive through photosynthesis

28. Each plant part - root, stem, leaf - has a specific role in keeping the plant alive through photosynthesis. Write the equation for photosynthesis: 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O -------sunlight----------  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 Carbon dioxide + water in the presence of sunlight yields glucose + oxygen Remember, this takes place in the chloroplasts inside the plant cells.

29. Monocots & Dicots

30. Cotyledons – nonphotosynthetic leaves of an immature plant; provide source of nutrients until plant can produce its own food

31. Leaves - site of photosynthesis - cross section - epidermis – adaptation for terrestrial life - waxy cuticle - stomata - transpiration

32. Leaf

33. Leaf structure supports its function as the primary organ for photosynthesis

34. Leaves - composed of blade, veins, petiole - simple or compound (see identifying leaves ppt) - pinnately or palmately compound - alternate or opposite if compound - pinnate or palmate venation

35. Overview of movement of photosynthesis reactants and products through a plant

36. Stems Support and transport Contains xylem and phloem Modified: Strawberry runners onion potatoes

37. Define plant type: herbaceous, shrub, vine, tree Stems Herbaceous plant shrub vine

38. Stems – cross sections through a dicot and a monocot

39. Roots Function – absorption, storage, anchorage Root hairs – extensions of the epidermis that increase absorption by increasing surface area; see photo Fibrous roots – see monocot information Tap roots – see dicot information

40. Root Structure

41. Nitrogen fixation – occurs in the roots and in the soil around the roots of plants; performed by bacteria

42. Plants that live in nitrogen poor soils trap and break down insects with enzymes to obtain nitrogen Venus fly trap Pitcher plant

43. Vocabulary Primary growth – increase in length; stems get longer, roots grow deeper Meristem – tissue that is growing Apical meristem – tissue found at the tips of roots and stems that is actively dividing/growing

44. Plant Responses Plant responses are called tropisms. Tropisms can be positive or negative. They include phototropism, gravitropism, and thigmotropism. Most plant responses involve the action of hormones, including gibberellins, auxins, and ethylene.

45. Plant Responses Effect of gibberellens on Thompson’s seedless grapes and on growth in a dwarf plant

46. Auxins make plants bushier by making more branches at nodes when the apical meristem is cut off (the tips of the existing branches)

47. Positive Phototropism http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/movements/tr opism/phototropism/corn/cornworship.html http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/movements/trop ism/solartrack/solartrack.html

48. Effect of ethylene on the ripening of an apple.

49. http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmoti on/movements/tropism/gravitropism/gravi1/gravi trop.html NEGATIVE Gravitropism in Stems POSITIVE Gravitropism in roots http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/move ments/tropism/gravitropism/rootgrav/graviroot.html

50. Vines Illustrate Positive Thigmotropism