1. Kingdom Plantae

2. Plant Characteristics
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Cell walls made of cellulose
Develop from multicellular embryos
Carry out photosynthesis
Contain chlorophyll a & b
Reproduce by alternation of generations

3. Plant Evolution
First plants evolved from organisms similar to today’s multicellular green algae.

4. Plant Cladogram
Ancestor Algae

5. Bryophytes
Life cycle that depends on water so the sperm can swim to the egg.
Lack vascular tissue, so they obtain water through osmosis
Includes mosses, liverworts, & hornworts

6. Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns, horsetails, club mosses
Contain xylem & phloem (vascular tissue)
Xylem – carries water up from the roots
Phloem – transports products of photosynthesis

8. Seedless Vascular Plants
Have roots, stems, and leaves with veins
Include club mosses, horsetails, and ferns.
Ferns have rhizomes & fronds with sori
Rhizomes – fern stems
Fronds – fern leaves
Sori – fern spores

10. Plant Cladogram
Ancestor Algae

11. Spermatophytes Seed Plants
Have adaptations that allow them to reproduce without water
Flowers or cones
Transfer of sperm by pollination
Protection of embryos in seeds
Two types:
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

12. Gymnosperms Bear their seeds directly on the surface of cones
Include conifers, ginkgo, cycads, and gnetophytes

14. Angiosperms Flowering plants
Bear seeds within ovaries which surround and protect the seed.
Two types:
Monocot
Dicot

15. Plant Structure Flower Male reproductive structures - Stamen
Female reproductive structures - Carpal

16. Monocots All monocots have the following characteristics:
Single cotyledon – seed leaf
Parallel veins
Flower petals in multiples of 3
Vascular tissue scattered throughout the stem
Fibrous roots

17. Dicots All dicots have the following characteristics:
Two cotyledon leaves
Branched veins
Flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5
Vascular tissue arranged in a ring
Taproot

18. Angiosperm Life Spans
Annuals – complete life cycle in one growing season
Biennials – complete life cycle in two years
First year: grow roots, short stems and sometimes leaves
Second year: grow new stems, leaves, produce flowers and seeds
Perennials – live many years