1. Ferns and Fern Allies

2. Ferns and Fern Allies

3. Ferns

4. Shoot Primary Growth: Apical Cell

5. Fern: Shoots (Stem, Leaves) and Roots

6. Leaves: Circinate Vernation

7. Fern Leaf: Frond

8. Fern Leaf: Pinna and Pinnule
Q – Costa
R – Costule
T, U, V - Segments

9. Stem: Stele (Protostele)
Gleichenia

10. Ectophloic Siphonostele
Stem: Stele (Siphonostele)
Amphiphloic
Siphonostele
Ectophloic
Siphonostele

11. Stem: Solenostele
Adiantum

12. Stem: Stele and Leaf Gaps (Non-Overlapping)
Solenostele
Fig in Gifford and Foster 1989

13. Stem: Dictylostele
Polypodium

14. Fig. 13-21 in Gifford and Foster 1989
Stem: Stele (Siphonostele) and Leaf Gaps Overlapping
Dictylostele
Fig in Gifford and Foster 1989

15. Double Dictylostele
Pteridium

16. Ecotophloic Siphonostele
Osmunda

17. Tree Ferns

18. Tree Ferns
Trunk Section
Dicksonia

19. Fern Sporangium

20. Fern Sporangium: Annulus
Fig in Gifford and
Foster 1989

21. Fern Sporangium: Sporangium Dehiscence
Fig in Foster and Gifford 1989

22. Fern Sori
Fig in Foster and Gifford 1989

23. Fern Sori: Marginal Position
Hymenophyllum

24. Fern Sori: Marginal Position
Sporangia formed by Marginal Meristem
Indusium Formed by Surrounding Cells
Fig in Foster and Gifford 1989

25. Fern Sori Position II: Intramarginal
Adiantum

26. Fern Sori Position II: Intramarginal
Marginal Meristem Ceases Growth
Fig in Foster and Gifford 1989

27. Fern Sori Position III: Abaxial or “Superficial”
Phanerophlebia

28. Fern Sori Position III: Abaxial or “Superficial”
Marginal Meristem Continues to Grow
Fig in Foster and Gifford 1989

29. Fern Leaves and Sporangia
Fig. 13-5

30. Psilophyton
(Early to Late Devonian)

31. Pertica
(Devonian)

32. Pseudosporochnus
(Middle Devonian)

33. Cladoxylon
(Middle Devonian)

34. Rhacophyton
(Late Devonian)

35. Origin of Leaves II: Telome Theory

36. Putative Leaf Origins Telome Theory Enation Theory VS. Microphylls
Megaphylls
VS.
Telome Theory
Enation Theory

37. 1 http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/pteridophytes/lyccla_leaves01.jpg2
CellTissOrgan/LycoLeafX-sLab400.jpg 3 4