1. Lecture 4 Anatomical structure of vegetative plants organ. Plan 1. Anatomical structure of root. 2. Anatomical structure of stems and rhizomes. 3. Anatomical structure of leaves. Prepare: ass. Kernychna I. Z.

2. These organisms are composed of an underground root system and an over ground shoot system.

4. Monocots and dicots get their names because of the number of cotyledons present in their seeds. Monocots have one seed leaf or cotyledon while dicots have 2 seed leaves or cotyledons. BEAN seed is a dicot and a CORN seed is a monocot

5. There are quite a few differences between a monocot and a dicot plant. This table their differences:

6. ROOT In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant body that typically lies below the surface of the soil.vascular plants plant Functions of roots are 1.) absorption of water and inorganic nutrients, 2.) anchoring the plant body to the ground, 3) often function in storage of food

7. Roots of many plants use in medicine: Cichorium intydus, of althea (Althea officinalis ), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)

8. Long-section of root has 3 zone: І. ZONES OF CELL DIVISION with root cap ІІ. Ellongation; ІІІ. Differentiation Or Maturation.

9. Dermal tissue- such as epidermis that protects the plant. Dermal tissue- such as epidermis that protects the plant. Ground tissue- tissue found between the dermal and vascular tissue. Serves as structural strength. Ground tissue- tissue found between the dermal and vascular tissue. Serves as structural strength. Vascular tissue- tissue that transports material. Xylem transports water and phloem transports food. Vascular tissue- tissue that transports material. Xylem transports water and phloem transports food.

10. Primary structure or root (in cross sections of differentiation) 1)Epidermis with roots hair 2) Cortex (parenchyma, endodermis with Casparian strip) 3) Vascular cylinder (pericycle, xylem and phloem forms radial bundle)

11. Monocot roots vascular bundle is polyarch, closed, and radial. In dicot roots with primary structure vascular bundle is closed, radial, and tetraarch.

12. In dicot roots, the xylem tissue appears like a 3-pronged or 4- pronged star

13. Dicot roots with secondary vascular bundle structure have opened collateral vascular bundles in stele, which are arranged in circle. Between them there are wide medullary rays which are start in primary xylem and are situated in the center of a root. Dicot roots with secondary nonbundle structure have solid ring of vascular cambium, solid zone of phloem above it and solid zone of xylem below cambium. In the center there is primary xylem. Primary medullary rays stretch from it, Secondary rays are formed by cambium.

14. In medicine use herbs many plants (stems with leaf, flowers). In most plants stems are located above the soil

15. At some woody plants use in medicine (snowball tree, oak-tree ) primary bark (cortex)

16. Monocot Stem. A cross section : 1) epidermis; 2) cortex (chlorenchyma and sclerenchyma); 3) Vascular cylinder (scattered vascular bundle is closed collateral.).

17. Monocot stems differ from dicot stems in that they lack secondary growth Monocot stems differ from dicot stems in that they lack secondary growth No vascular cambium nor cork cambium No vascular cambium nor cork cambium Stems usually uniform in diameter Stems usually uniform in diameter Scattered vascular bundles (not in a ring like dicot stems) Scattered vascular bundles (not in a ring like dicot stems)

18. DICOT STEM: 1) Open collateral vascular bundle; 2) Under epidermis is collenchim, not sclerencim

19. A. epidermis (outermost layer of cells forming the initial covering on a stem). A. epidermis (outermost layer of cells forming the initial covering on a stem). B. cortex (ground tissue that surrounds the vascular cylinder or stele). B. cortex (ground tissue that surrounds the vascular cylinder or stele). C. endodermis with Casparian strip (regulates the flow of water and dissolved substances). C. endodermis with Casparian strip (regulates the flow of water and dissolved substances). D. primary xylem (water-conducting tissue found in the vascular cylinder or stele) D. primary xylem (water-conducting tissue found in the vascular cylinder or stele) E. primary phloem (food-conducting tissue found in the vascular cylinder or stele) E. primary phloem (food-conducting tissue found in the vascular cylinder or stele)

20. WOODY STEM: 1) The "bark" of the tree consists of the periderm + the phloem ; 2) The vascular cambium cells divide to produce secondary xylem secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside secondary phloem

22. 1)Has tracheids in their xylem 2) Gymnosperm wood also often contains resin ducts 1)Has tracheids in their xylem 2) Gymnosperm wood also often contains resin ducts tracheids resin tracheids resin Gymnosperm stems

23. A RHIZOME is underground modification of stem, which is formed at perennially herbacеous plants for an accumulation nutritives and vegetative reproduction. Has the well formed stocking parenchyma; mechanical and vascular tissues are expressed poorly. In medicine use rhizome of sedge cane, fern, valerian and other

24. Leaf – lateral vegetative organ of plants, the general function its are photosynthesis, transpiration. photosynthesistranspiration There are several types of leaves: 1) Bifacial) 2) Izolateral ; 3) Radial )

25. LEAF CROSS SECTION Dermal Tissue: outer single cell layer protective tissue. Cuticle: layer of waterproof wax on the outer surface of the dermal tissue. Ground Tissue: usually two layers, closely packed upper layer and loose lower layer – photosynthetic tissue. Air Spaces: rapid diffusion of carbon dioxide to the cells for photosynthesis. Guard Cells: control the closing and opening of the stomatal pore. Stomata: rapid entry of carbon dioxide into the leaf from the air.

26. bifacial (common for dicot)

27. isolateral (common for monocot and dicot plants)

28. Radial (common for gymnosperm)